University of Lincoln finds tortoises have human-like feelings
A team of researchers studied 15 red-footed tortoises - chelonoidis carbonaria - using a cognitive bias test, commonly used on mammals and birds.It assessed how they reacted to ambiguous situations, analysing how they felt and found tortoises living in "enriched environments" were more optimistic and positive.
The experts also conducted anxiety-related tests, which involved exposing the tortoises to new objects and unfamiliar environments.Tortoises that displayed more optimistic decision-making in the cognitive bias test had less anxious behaviour, results found.A University of Lincoln spokesperson said it was the first clear evidence that animals can experience long-term mood states. The Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 states animals have the capacity to feel things, which shapes how the law protects them.Prof Anna Wilkinson, whose expertise is in animal cognition at the university, said: "Animal welfare concerns are reliant upon evidence that a given species has the capacity to experience affective states. "With reptiles becoming increasingly common as pets, it is essential for us to study their moods and emotions to try to understand how captivity may impact them."
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Spermidine also supports immune function, particularly by rejuvenating T cells, which are crucial for identifying and eliminating cancer cells. A 2020 study published in Nature Communications demonstrated that spermidine supplementation restored T cell function in aged mice, improving immune surveillance against tumours. Spermidine and gut health Another area where spermidine shows promise is the gut, particularly through its influence on the gut microbiome. The gut plays a dual role when it comes to spermidine. It is where spermidine from food gets absorbed into the body. But also many of the beneficial microbes in your digestive system, especially in the colon, naturally produce spermidine as part of their normal activity. 'Because it boosts autophagy, spermidine supports the gut barrier and helps maintain healthy microbial balance,' says Steele. 'This could be important for preventing chronic gut inflammation and related disorders like inflammatory bowel disease or metabolic syndrome.' Although research is still in the early stages, some studies suggest that spermidine may help keep the lining of the gut strong and intact, preventing harmful substances, like toxins, bacteria and partially digested food particles, from leaking into the body and triggering inflammation. There is also evidence that it helps gut-residing immune cells function better, which could be especially beneficial as we age. Adding spermidine to your diet One of the easiest and safest ways to get more spermidine is through your diet. Aged cheese, mushrooms, soy products, whole grains and legumes are all good sources. Wheat germ is especially high in spermidine, which you can sprinkle on your yogurt or cereal at breakfast. A tablespoon of wheat germ provides around 1.2 milligrams of spermidine, and 100g of mushrooms or cheddar can offer up to 10mg. Studies suggest that a daily intake of 5mg to 10mg may support health benefits, which can be achieved through a balanced mix of these foods consumed regularly throughout the week. A large US study found that people with the highest spermidine intake from foods like cereals, vegetables, legumes and cheese had significantly lower risks of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Kiechl advises a measured approach for now. 'Evidence is strong but there are no 'gold standard' large-scale intervention trials which are necessary for standard medical recommendations,' he says. As spermidine is naturally found in a wide range of everyday foods, it should be easy to boost intake if you don't want to use supplements. That said, for those who prefer a more targeted approach, there are now a number of spermidine supplements on the market that are specifically tested for purity, safety and consistency. These supplement options provide a potential alternative for those who want to explore spermidine's health benefits in a measured, evidence-aware way, while science continues to catch up. Kenny says spermidine has had a dramatic impact on her health,after she was diagnosed with lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in her late 30s. 'The biggest area has been in my hsCRP (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), a biomarker of systemic inflammation in the body. Mine is 0.3 – the same as a healthy teenager. In addition, my biological age, as measured by the GlycanAge test, which measures many other inflammatory markers, shows my biological age as 21. This matters because at 39, I was told inflammation in my body was so out of control, I had only five years left to live. 'Other places I notice are my hair quality and colour – I am 60 and don't dye my hair, or need any hair treatments, because my hair, lashes and brows are all healthy and growing as they would when I was younger. I also get consistently strong deep-sleep scores (60-plus minutes) on my Oura Ring when I take it before bed. This is important because it's only during deep sleep that the glymphatic system, the brain's 'washing machine', gets to work to remove the rubbish that piles up during the day that is associated with dementia.' Spermidine supplements Primeadine Original spermidine, from Oxford Healthspan, co-founded by Leslie Kenny, is developed in Japan from non-GMO wheat germ and is third-party laboratory tested. Longevity Box offers a plant-based spermidine supplement aimed at supporting cellular renewal and healthy ageing.
