How letter to CPIB exposed bribery case with 89 people linked to waterproofing firm
In 2012, an anonymous letter landed in the mailbox outside the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) headquarters in Lengkok Bahru.
The writer claimed there was an established practice of corruption in a company in the waterproofing and general works industry.
Another letter arrived several months later with more information.
CPIB officers investigated the claims and unravelled a web involving 89 people, including managing agents, contractors and property agents, who took money from the company documented in financial records as "referral fees".
This is one of the highest number of bribe recipients in a corruption case in Singapore, said CPIB.
At the centre was the company's director, who adopted this practice so that the recipients would be motivated to recommend his company for future work orders.
Between January 2011 and February 2014, he offered bribes of about $461,600 to the 89 people.
The individual amounts ranged between $100 and $19,000.
In 2016, the then 43-year-old Singaporean director was sentenced to 30 months' jail after pleading guilty to 20 counts of corruption, with 517 other charges taken into consideration.
CPIB's deputy director at the enterprise projects office, Mr Phua Meng Geh, was then heading the investigation unit assigned to the case.
Speaking to The Straits Times on June 25 at the CPIB headquarters, he said this case highlighted Singapore's intolerance against corruption, no matter the value of the bribe.
Mr Phua, who has been with the CPIB for 27 years, added: "I think there is this thinking with many people that a lot of these (business) practices are a way of life.
"We are not saying you cannot give tokens of appreciation. What we are saying is if there is a corrupt favour attached to it, then that is where we need to take a very strong stance against it."
Of the 89, 21 were charged, while the rest were given stern warnings.
Eight of the 21 were given jail sentences of between four and 20 weeks.
All 21 were fined between $9,000 and $40,000, and were ordered to pay penalties amounting to the gratification they received.
Apart from the company director, six of the company's staff received jail terms of between four weeks and 13 months. Six others were handed fines of between $4,000 and $16,000.
During court proceedings, it was revealed that some employees were paid fixed salaries, while others received commissions.
For those on fixed salaries, the director would pass the "referral fees" to them, and they would hand these to the clients.
For those on commission, they had to contribute towards the clients' fees to motivate these sales staff to secure the highest possible contract value.
Mr Phua said that after they were called up for investigations, some said the giving of the "referral fees" was a business practice.
He added that while the full implications of their actions might not have dawned on them at the time, ignorance is no excuse under the law, especially for an act like corruption.
He noted that the company director had said when the firm was small that the sums of money were given as a token of appreciation.
Mr Phua said: "When he first started out, his business wasn't that fantastic. He realised that by giving small tokens of appreciation, it helped his business a lot."
As his business grew to become one of the more established players in the waterproofing industry here, those receiving bribes demanded more money.
When the director was arrested, Mr Phua said the man was relieved he would not need to continue paying the bribes.
Following the case, Mr Phua said CPIB stepped up its anti-corruption educational efforts within the building and maintenance industry, and engaged the Association of Property and Facility Managers, and the Association of Strata Managers.
Mr Phua reminded managing agents to have transparent dealings with contractors.
For the business community, he said that if they start offering such payments, then they will end up paying more and more until their business does not become viable.
Highlighting the consequences of such practices, he added that the victims are home owners who may have to pay more after the inflated fees are paid by the Management Corporation Strata Title.
Mr Phua said: "If left unchecked, the managing agent who receives money would eventually become beholden to the contractors and could be forced to return the favour by bending rules or closing an eye here or there.
"Some of this may amount to safety breaches."
He cited the example of managing agents who need to ensure safety measures are in place for workers and residents when carrying out works involving the use of scaffolding.
"When they start deviating on some of these things in return for 'referral fees', the consequences can be severe," said Mr Phua.
The number of workplace deaths in Singapore rose from 36 in 2023 to 43 in 2024.
One of the top causes was the collapse or breakdown of structures and equipment, said the Ministry of Manpower.
Highlighting Singapore's zero-tolerance stance against corruption, Mr Vincent Lim, deputy director at CPIB, said it will take action against anyone for offering or receiving bribes.
He added: "Those who resort to corrupt means to get ahead in businesses will face the consequences under the law."
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Straits Times
4 hours ago
- Straits Times
Corrupt company director relieved to be arrested as he wouldn't need to pay any more bribes: CPIB investigator
Corrupt company director relieved to be arrested as he wouldn't need to pay any more bribes: CPIB investigator Samuel Devaraj The Straits Times June 28, 2025 In 2012, an anonymous letter landed in the mailbox outside the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) headquarters in Lengkok Bahru. The writer claimed there was an established practice of corruption in a company in the waterproofing and general works industry. Another letter arrived several months later with more information. CPIB officers investigated the claims and unravelled a web involving 89 people, including managing agents, contractors and property agents, who took money from the company documented in financial records as "referral fees". This is one of the highest number of bribe recipients in a corruption case in Singapore, said CPIB. At the centre was the company's director, who adopted this practice so that the recipients would be motivated to recommend his company for future work orders. Between January 2011 and February 2014, he offered bribes of about $461,600 to the 89 people. The individual amounts ranged between $100 and $19,000. In 2016, the then 43-year-old Singaporean director was sentenced to 30 months' jail after pleading guilty to 20 counts of corruption, with 517 other charges taken into consideration. CPIB's deputy director at the enterprise projects office, Mr Phua Meng Geh, was then heading the investigation unit assigned to the case. Speaking to The Straits Times on June 25 at the CPIB headquarters, he said this case highlighted Singapore's intolerance against corruption, no matter the value of the bribe. Mr Phua, who has been with the CPIB for 27 years, added: "I think there is this thinking with many people that a lot of these (business) practices are a way of life. "We are not saying you cannot give tokens of appreciation. What we are saying is if there is a corrupt favour attached to it, then that is where we need to take a very strong stance against it." PHOTO: THE STRAITS TIMES Of the 89, 21 were charged, while the rest were given stern warnings. Eight of the 21 were given jail sentences of between four and 20 weeks. All 21 were fined between $9,000 and $40,000, and were ordered to pay penalties amounting to the gratification they received. Apart from the company director, six of the company's staff received jail terms of between four weeks and 13 months. Six others were handed fines of between $4,000 and $16,000. During court proceedings, it was revealed that some employees were paid fixed salaries, while others received commissions. For those on fixed salaries, the director would pass the "referral fees" to them, and they would hand these to the clients. For those on commission, they had to contribute towards the clients' fees to motivate these sales staff to secure the highest possible contract value. Mr Phua said that after they were called up for investigations, some said the giving of the "referral fees" was a business practice. He added that while the full implications of their actions might not have dawned on them at the time, ignorance is no excuse under the law, especially for an act like corruption. He noted that the company director had said when the firm was small that the sums of money were given as a token of appreciation. Mr Phua said: "When he first started out, his business wasn't that fantastic. He realised that by giving small tokens of appreciation, it helped his business a lot." As his business grew to become one of the more established players in the waterproofing industry here, those receiving bribes demanded more money. When the director was arrested, Mr Phua said the man was relieved he would not need to continue paying the bribes. Following the case, Mr Phua said CPIB stepped up its anti-corruption educational efforts within the building and maintenance industry, and engaged the Association of Property and Facility Managers, and the Association of Strata Managers. Mr Phua reminded managing agents to have transparent dealings with contractors. For the business community, he said that if they start offering such payments, then they will end up paying more and more until their business does not become viable. Highlighting the consequences of such practices, he added that the victims are home owners who may have to pay more after the inflated fees are paid by the Management Corporation Strata Title. Mr Phua said: "If left unchecked, the managing agent who receives money would eventually become beholden to the contractors and could be forced to return the favour by bending rules or closing an eye here or there. "Some of this may amount to safety breaches." He cited the example of managing agents who need to ensure safety measures are in place for workers and residents when carrying out works involving the use of scaffolding. "When they start deviating on some of these things in return for 'referral fees', the consequences can be severe," said Mr Phua. The number of workplace deaths in Singapore rose from 36 in 2023 to 43 in 2024. One of the top causes was the collapse or breakdown of structures and equipment, said the Ministry of Manpower. Highlighting Singapore's zero-tolerance stance against corruption, Mr Vincent Lim, deputy director at CPIB, said it will take action against anyone for offering or receiving bribes. He added: "Those who resort to corrupt means to get ahead in businesses will face the consequences under the law." Click here to contribute a story or submit it to our WhatsApp Get more of Stomp's latest updates by following us on:
New Paper
10 hours ago
- New Paper
How letter to CPIB exposed bribery case with 89 people linked to waterproofing firm
In 2012, an anonymous letter landed in the mailbox outside the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) headquarters in Lengkok Bahru. The writer claimed there was an established practice of corruption in a company in the waterproofing and general works industry. Another letter arrived several months later with more information. CPIB officers investigated the claims and unravelled a web involving 89 people, including managing agents, contractors and property agents, who took money from the company documented in financial records as "referral fees". This is one of the highest number of bribe recipients in a corruption case in Singapore, said CPIB. At the centre was the company's director, who adopted this practice so that the recipients would be motivated to recommend his company for future work orders. Between January 2011 and February 2014, he offered bribes of about $461,600 to the 89 people. The individual amounts ranged between $100 and $19,000. In 2016, the then 43-year-old Singaporean director was sentenced to 30 months' jail after pleading guilty to 20 counts of corruption, with 517 other charges taken into consideration. CPIB's deputy director at the enterprise projects office, Mr Phua Meng Geh, was then heading the investigation unit assigned to the case. Speaking to The Straits Times on June 25 at the CPIB headquarters, he said this case highlighted Singapore's intolerance against corruption, no matter the value of the bribe. Mr Phua, who has been with the CPIB for 27 years, added: "I think there is this thinking with many people that a lot of these (business) practices are a way of life. "We are not saying you cannot give tokens of appreciation. What we are saying is if there is a corrupt favour attached to it, then that is where we need to take a very strong stance against it." Of the 89, 21 were charged, while the rest were given stern warnings. Eight of the 21 were given jail sentences of between four and 20 weeks. All 21 were fined between $9,000 and $40,000, and were ordered to pay penalties amounting to the gratification they received. Apart from the company director, six of the company's staff received jail terms of between four weeks and 13 months. Six others were handed fines of between $4,000 and $16,000. During court proceedings, it was revealed that some employees were paid fixed salaries, while others received commissions. For those on fixed salaries, the director would pass the "referral fees" to them, and they would hand these to the clients. For those on commission, they had to contribute towards the clients' fees to motivate these sales staff to secure the highest possible contract value. Mr Phua said that after they were called up for investigations, some said the giving of the "referral fees" was a business practice. He added that while the full implications of their actions might not have dawned on them at the time, ignorance is no excuse under the law, especially for an act like corruption. He noted that the company director had said when the firm was small that the sums of money were given as a token of appreciation. Mr Phua said: "When he first started out, his business wasn't that fantastic. He realised that by giving small tokens of appreciation, it helped his business a lot." As his business grew to become one of the more established players in the waterproofing industry here, those receiving bribes demanded more money. When the director was arrested, Mr Phua said the man was relieved he would not need to continue paying the bribes. Following the case, Mr Phua said CPIB stepped up its anti-corruption educational efforts within the building and maintenance industry, and engaged the Association of Property and Facility Managers, and the Association of Strata Managers. Mr Phua reminded managing agents to have transparent dealings with contractors. For the business community, he said that if they start offering such payments, then they will end up paying more and more until their business does not become viable. Highlighting the consequences of such practices, he added that the victims are home owners who may have to pay more after the inflated fees are paid by the Management Corporation Strata Title. Mr Phua said: "If left unchecked, the managing agent who receives money would eventually become beholden to the contractors and could be forced to return the favour by bending rules or closing an eye here or there. "Some of this may amount to safety breaches." He cited the example of managing agents who need to ensure safety measures are in place for workers and residents when carrying out works involving the use of scaffolding. "When they start deviating on some of these things in return for 'referral fees', the consequences can be severe," said Mr Phua. The number of workplace deaths in Singapore rose from 36 in 2023 to 43 in 2024. One of the top causes was the collapse or breakdown of structures and equipment, said the Ministry of Manpower. Highlighting Singapore's zero-tolerance stance against corruption, Mr Vincent Lim, deputy director at CPIB, said it will take action against anyone for offering or receiving bribes. He added: "Those who resort to corrupt means to get ahead in businesses will face the consequences under the law."
New Paper
10 hours ago
- New Paper
What is the difference between the many locally farmed eggs in Singapore?
To shop for eggs in Singapore is to be met with a wall of choice. They come fresh and processed. From as far away as Ukraine or as near as Lim Chu Kang. Some are packed with omega-3, others enhanced with lutein. Decisions, decisions. How did these "designer" eggs come to be? And, more importantly, do they taste any different? With the production of local eggs on the rise - farms here were responsible for 34.4 per cent of eggs consumed in 2024, up from 31.9 per cent in 2023 - The Straits Times speaks to Singapore's three local egg farms to crack the code. May the best brand win At the farms in Lim Chu Kang, production runs like clockwork, with humans and machines working in tandem to churn out hundreds of thousands of eggs a day. That number could be greater. Seng Choon Farm is operating only at around 85 per cent capacity, as is Chew's Agriculture. N&N Agriculture is at 90 per cent capacity. The only thing holding them back is the demand for eggs, which farmers say is on a downward trend. In the case of Chew's Agriculture, sales have dropped by around 10 to 15 per cent over the last few months, says general manager Chew Zi Xuan, 38. In September 2023, Turkey became Singapore's 19th egg source. It joins countries such as Thailand, Australia and Poland in feeding the hunger here for the low-cost, versatile protein. In line with the Republic's 30 by 30 vision, in which Singapore aspires to produce 30 per cent of nutritional needs locally by 2030, a third of its egg supply is currently produced domestically. Then Senior Minister of State for Sustainability and the Environment Koh Poh Koon pointed to this statistic as a bright spot amid agri-food challenges in his Committee of Supply speech in March. But local farmers say the business is not always all it is cracked up to be. Despite the aid of robotics and attempts to streamline operations wherever possible, there is only so much they can do to offset the higher cost of production in Singapore. Seng Choon Farm has been producing eggs since the 1980s. ST PHOTO: DESMOND FOO Seng Choon Farm operates a 14.5ha facility in Jalan Gemala. Its managing director Koh Yeow Koon, 49, says: "Pushing local farms to increase food production is like putting the cart before the horse. We can't increase supply without pushing up consumer demand. "We will never be cheaper than other South-east Asian farms because land and labour are expensive, and we're subjected to land leases, while they have freehold farms." For example, a carton of 10 fresh eggs from Malaysia, weighing 500g in total, retails at $2.65 at FairPrice supermarkets, while a similar box from Brunei (550g) is priced at $2.85. In comparison, Singapore's Chew's Rise & Shine Farm Fresh Eggs (450g) cost $3.05, Seng Choon's Farm Fresh Eggs (550g) cost $3.88 and N&N Big Fresh Eggs cost $4.55. For the last price, however, consumers get larger 65g orbs. It comes as no surprise then, that in a "cost of living crisis, customers switch to cheaper eggs, whatever they can get", observes Mr Chew. The reluctance to buy local is not new. For most of their decades-long careers, these farmers have struggled to encourage customers to see the value in local eggs. And stressing their lower carbon footprint, fresher produce that hits supermarket shelves within a day of being laid, and tighter biosecurity has not always moved the needle in consumer choices. This is where branding comes into play. "We can't compete on price, so we try to have some value-added aspect to our products. In our case, by augmenting the feed of the chickens with different nutrients, like omega-3 or organic selenium," says Mr Chew, who manages a 20ha farm in Neo Tiew Road. "These are nutrients and minerals that we need. So, instead of taking a supplement, you can get the nutrients naturally through the eggs." N&N Agriculture has an 11.6ha farm in Neo Tiew Lane. Its chief executive Ma Chin Chew, 57, says: "An egg is an egg. But we have to think of something to differentiate ours." His solution? A range of offerings marketed as firstborn eggs, premium quality corn eggs and the company's crown jewel - pasteurised eggs, the only ones produced in Singapore. These sell for $5.20 for a 600g carton of 10 at Cold Storage. Telling the difference But do these branded eggs taste any different? Not really, admits Mr Ma. "The colour and taste are the same, since the hens' feed is generally made up of the same ingredients: corn and soya bean," he says. As is the case with Chew's Egg - produced by Chew's Agriculture - and Seng Choon Farm. Mr Koh says: "We have to keep the taste consistent throughout the Seng Choon brand, so customers are assured of the taste they'll get. "Some say they can taste the difference between our different products, but I think it depends on their cooking style." Most of the chickens in Seng Choon Farm's coop are fed on the same diet. ST PHOTO: DESMOND FOO Where the eggs differ is in terms of nutritional value. This varies depending on the feed of the hens, as well as the way the eggs are handled and packed. Pasteurised eggs, sold by N&N Agriculture's Egg Story brand, for instance, are laid by hens fed on a diet said to lower cholesterol and contain higher levels of omega-3 and omega-6, as well as vitamin D or E. The eggs are then submerged in a 60 deg C water bath, a process that helps to kill salmonella and viruses that cause bird flu. A coat of oil is subsequently applied to prevent the entry of contaminants, before the eggs are stored in a chiller to preserve their freshness. Mr Ma warns, however, that this process does not necessarily extend their shelf life, and urges customers to consume them as soon as possible, as with all eggs. Mr Ma Chin Chew, chief executive of N&N Agriculture, with some of the company's products in a 2019 photograph. PHOTO: ST FILE Ms Karthika Thirugnanam, a clinical nutritionist at private clinic Tucker Medical, says these eggs are best consumed by children, seniors, pregnant women and those with a low immune system. They are also ideal for recipes that call for runny or half-cooked yolks. She adds that eggs with higher levels of selenium - like those sold by Chew's Egg at $4.90 a 550g pack at FairPrice - can boost immunity and thyroid health with its antiviral properties. Each egg, she estimates, contains about 10 to 20 per cent of a person's recommended daily allowance of 55 micrograms of selenium. Omega-3 eggs - which Chew's Egg sells at $4.30 a 550g pack at FairPrice - might help augment brain and heart health, especially among those who do not consume enough fish. For optimal effect, two or more eggs have to be consumed each day. Carrot eggs laid by hens fed on a lutein-rich diet also require consistent intake to improve the eye and skin health of consumers. These are sold by Seng Choon for $4.55 a 640g pack at FairPrice. Ms Thirugnanam cautions, though, that while these nutrient boosts are helpful, they should not replace supplements and do not on their own constitute a balanced diet. Those with a family history of high cholesterol or who consume high levels of saturated fats should also moderate their intake of eggs. Moreover, not all types of "branded" eggs have discernable health benefits. For instance, golden corn eggs, named thus for the high-grade maize its hens feed on, are not necessarily lower in calories or higher in protein than the average fresh egg, she says. Different types of eggs from Seng Choon Farm. ST PHOTO: DESMOND FOO Still, with 12 eggs packed into each $3.59 carton, instead of the usual 10, families get more bang for their buck. The eggs are also smaller - weighing just over 50g, compared with the 64g carrot egg. Firstborn eggs, traditionally believed to be more nutritious, tend to be smaller, at around 40g each, and are unlikely to contain any added nutrients. "Their benefits are mostly taste-based - fresher, traditionally tastier - and they are best for general consumers," she says. Mr Koh adds that this range might lend itself better to braised eggs, owing to their bouncy or "Q" texture. At the other end of the size spectrum is Seng Choon's jumbo eggs, which tip the scales at 70g each and tease the prospect of a fabled double yolk. A pack of six sells for $3.12 on online retailer RedMart. With regard to egg marketing, the Health Promotion Board tells ST that farms do not need to seek pre-market approvals for health claims on their food products - for instance, that selenium helps to maintain the immune system's normal function. However, businesses must ensure that they maintain evidence to substantiate such labels. They may also be asked to produce supporting documents, such as laboratory reports, to substantiate the information on their nutrition information panels during compliance checks. A fragile industry Despite attempts to get creative, local farms have found that their base range of fresh eggs are still the most popular, largely due to their lower prices. Within Chew's Egg's range, for example, 10 Farm Fresh Eggs (450g) cost $1.10 less than its omega-6 eggs ($4.15 for a 550g pack of 10) at FairPrice. Plus, not all supermarkets choose to stock "branded" eggs. ST understands that the types of eggs available at FairPrice stores depends on each location's customer preferences, which remain shaped largely by prices. Mr Ma says: "Acceptability of our pasteurised eggs is still very low in supermarkets. It's mainly restaurants like Keisuke (a Japanese ramen and tendon chain with 17 outlets) that are using our eggs." Meanwhile, Chew's Egg's cage-free range, which starts at $4.15 for a six-pack weighing 330g, has been keenly received by consumers. The preferred option of the environmentally conscious cook, it has proven popular with some restaurants and hotels too. Rows of cage-free chickens at Chew's Agriculture. ST PHOTO: RYAN CHIONG One of its customers is Marina Bay Sands (MBS). The vast majority of eggs served at its restaurants and Expo & Convention Centre are now cage-free. "Transitioning to cage-free eggs allows us to support suppliers with more sustainable practices and, at the same time, educate our culinary teams and guests on animal welfare," says an MBS spokesperson. "Our chefs have observed that cage-free eggs are tastier and boast a brighter egg yolk colour, which is more palatable to diners." On the other hand, another customer, Mr Nick Heath, general manager of JW Marriott Hotel Singapore South Beach, says: "While quality and taste may not differ dramatically, cage-free eggs are preferred at our hotel as we recognise that animal welfare is an important part of conducting sustainable hotel operations." About 90 per cent of the eggs served at the hotel's restaurants, such as Beach Road Kitchen, Akira Back and Madame Fan, are cage-free. Mr Chew says the farm is looking at ramping up its cage-free capacity to keep up with the shift towards a more sustainable future. But to get there, the company will have to brace itself for turbulent headwinds. Like the product itself, the egg industry is a fragile one. One bout of bird flu, and all the best-laid plans come crashing down. The United States, for instance, has been dogged by shell-shocking egg prices for months, with a dozen fetching as high as US$6.23 (S$8) on average in March - a spike driven primarily by avian influenza. In the coops of Lim Chu Kang, hens, from countries like the Netherlands and Malaysia, are safe for now. Chew's Agriculture maintains very tight biosecurity, segregating its chickens and workers to limit any potential damage, while Seng Choon has halted school visits to limit the number of people coming into contact with its chickens. Mr Ma, whose birds come from Malaysia, is more concerned. He says: "There's no guaranteed way to guard against bird flu, especially in Europe. It could come through migratory birds." Like the product itself, the egg industry is a fragile one. ST PHOTO: DESMOND FOO Singapore is a major transit hub for avian visitors, with more than 100 species stopping by every year. The local egg industry was hit with another scare in May when Brazil, one of Singapore's top poultry sources, confirmed its first outbreak of bird flu on a commercial farm. However, the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) and Animal & Veterinary Service clarified that the Republic does not import poultry or poultry products from that farm. Then there is the threat of US President Donald Trump's trade tariffs - whose trickle-down effects are expected to drive up the cost of equipment and feed - as well as the perennial problem of limited labour. Citing manpower as their biggest obstacle to expansion, all three farms have tried to offset the pressure using technology. In the last couple of years, Seng Choon Farm has upgraded its sensors with artificial intelligence and introduced an automated egg inspection system that can grade and sort its eggs. With this $800,000 upgrade, the machine, which can process up to 126,000 eggs an hour, now has an accuracy rate of 98 instead of 95 per cent. Seng Choon Farm has deployed machinery to cope with the labour shortage. ST PHOTO: DESMOND FOO Apart from better quality control, automation has helped streamline operations throughout the farm. "The machines have filled in for so many jobs. It's a combination of everything - automatic feeding, automatic manure removal, automatic collection of water. It adds up to some manpower savings," says Mr Koh. Chew's Egg has also installed a bigger capacity, million-dollar machine for loading, sanitising and packing eggs. It does the job of four to five workers, allowing the company to redeploy and reskill them. But Mr Ma points out that there is a limit to what robots can do: catching and transporting hens, vaccinating them and delivering eggs to customers are, for instance, beyond their capabilities. Due to this bleak outlook, Singapore's fourth egg farm, to be operated by local company ISE Food Holdings (IFH), may be reconsidering its plans to set up here. Last July, Singapore-listed engineering and service solutions provider Ellipsiz, a shareholder of IFH, noted the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, supply chain disruptions, global inflationary pressures and the threat of disease on rising costs. In an update to the Singapore Exchange, it added: "It is expected that a considerable amount of time and effort will be required to address these issues. Against this background, a re-evaluation of the viability of the egg farm project by the company, in consultation with the relevant authority, may also be required." The SFA tells ST that it is "in discussion with IFH on their business plans, and resourcing requirements". To date, the agency has not awarded any grants to the company. As for the three farms that remain, they are holding on for now: neither expanding nor contracting, keeping prices stable and hoping that their branding, outreach and education efforts will one day pay off.
