Latest news with #EarlyCretaceous
Time of India
28-06-2025
- Science
- Time of India
Tetrapodophis: The 120 million-year-old four-footed snake-discovery and controversy
Credit: Instagram/@ In 2015, a fossil unearthed in a German museum collection set the world abuzz. The specimen, Tetrapodophis amplectus, Latin for "four-footed snake," was hailed as the first documented four-limbed snake. If confirmed, it would be a landmark item of evolutionary history, filling in the gap between early lizards and contemporary snakes. Though the find has since been clouded with scientific controversy and legal entanglement, questioning not just evolutionary theory but ethics involved in fossil acquisition as well. ( source: Wikipedia ) A unique fossil, like no other Approximately 20 centimeters in length, Tetrapodophis's fossil contains more than 150 vertebrae, a truncated tail, and a snake-like elongated body. The novel aspects of the fossil were its minute but intact fore- and hindlimbs, both with five digits, coupled with traits such as hooked teeth, a flexible skull, and prey remains in its stomach, indicating a carnivorous diet. The fossil was published in the journal Science by Dr. David Martill and colleagues, who ruled out the possibility that it came from a marine reptile, concluding instead that it was direct evidence of how snakes evolved from burrowing lizards. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like 5 Books Warren Buffett Wants You to Read In 2025 Blinkist: Warren Buffett's Reading List Undo Tetrapodophis is estimated to have existed between 113 and 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous, according to Martill, and was probably suited to living on land. Scientific evidence suggests While the early excitement was palpable, however, most within the field of paleontology questioned the fossil's categorization. In 2016 and once more in 2021, paleontologist Dr. Michael Caldwell of the University of Alberta spearheaded the re-examination of the specimen. His research group contended that Tetrapodophis did not possess several central anatomical features common in true snakes. Among the features being questioned were the skull's structure, which did not have the movable joints and cranial kinesis characteristic of snakes; the vertebrae, which did not show the articulations characteristic of snakes and fossils; and the limb and rib morphology in general, which was similar to that of aquatic lizards called dolichosaurs. What humongous secrets science can uncover is truly fascinating. Caldwell and others suggested that the specimen had been incorrectly identified and was a member of the family Dolichosauridae, an extinct group of marine reptiles more closely related to mosasaurs than to early snakes. The scientific controversy served to illustrate a long-standing debate in paleontology: did snakes evolve from terrestrial lizards or from marine ancestors? Tetrapodophis became the center of this broader question. Legal disputes over a fossil? Know why Complicating matters was the dodgy provenance of the fossil. It was in a German private collection, but it was thought by many to have come from the Crato Formation in northeastern Brazil a place famous for its Early Cretaceous fossils. Brazil strictly prohibits the unauthorized exportation of fossils as national heritage. The release of the 2015 paper attracted severe criticism from Brazilian paleontologists and authorities, who argued that the fossil was exported illegally from the country. The controversy triggered further debate concerning the morality of fossil collection and the role of academic journals in ensuring specimens are legal. In 2024, following years of diplomatic pressure, the owners of the fossil consented to the repatriation of Tetrapodophis to Brazil. It was subsequently moved to the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro, where it will be examined further by Brazilian scientists. Update? Up to 2025, there has been no scientific agreement on Tetrapodophis's actual classification. A 2023 reclassification in the group of stem-snakes—animals that constitute a common ancestor with the contemporary snakes but belong outside the group has yet to convince most scientists, as they argue the necessity of further fossil records and adult specimens. The case of Tetrapodophis remains unresolved, not only as a paleontological puzzle but also as a case study in ethics, international law, and the evolving nature of science itself. It reminds us of the dramatic and sometimes contentious interaction between science, law, and heritage. More significantly, it reminds us of how a single fossil can disprove long-held theories, invoke global legal action, and realign the global debate on scientific accountability.
Miami Herald
27-06-2025
- Science
- Miami Herald
Hidden Japanese blades, ancient figurines and three more recent discoveries
The summaries below were drafted with the help of AI tools and edited by journalists in our News division. All linked stories were reported, written and edited by McClatchy journalists. Throughout history, cultures have left behind a trail of breadcrumbs for archaeologists to follow. New sites and artifacts are found all the time, revealing forgotten secrets of the past. Here are some of the latest discoveries: Shallow hole turns out to be rare 1,600-year-old structure in Germany. See it Near Bentfeld, Germany, archaeologists discovered a 1,600-year-old wooden well, initially mistaken for a livestock watering hole. The well, along with other artifacts, offers insights into the region's ancient past. The site also revealed a Roman military belt and other burial artifacts. | Published June 17 | Read More | X-rays of 1,300-year-old sheath reveal first-of-its-kind blade inside. See it On the sacred island of Okinoshima in southern Japan, archaeologists used X-rays to uncover a unique blade hidden inside a 1,300-year-old gold sheath. The sheath, adorned with phoenix and tortoise shell designs, was likely a ceremonial offering. This remarkable find highlights the island's rich history of ritual practices. | Published June 20 | Read More | 6,000-year-old figurine found in Poland called discovery of the century. See it In Kołobrzeg, Poland, a 6,000-year-old limestone figurine, dubbed the Kołobrzeg Venus, was discovered. This Neolithic artifact, depicting a woman, is unique due to its stone material, as similar figurines are usually made of clay. The figurine will soon be part of a permanent exhibition at the Polish Arms Museum. | Published June 23 | Read More | Fossils found on island are far older than island itself. How? The ancient Romans On Morocco's Mogador Island, archaeologists found Early Cretaceous fossils mixed with Roman artifacts, despite the island's young geological age. These fossils, possibly brought by ancient trade networks, suggest a fascinating intersection of natural history and human activity. The discovery prompts further research into Roman trade practices. | Published June 24 | Read More | Ruins of ancient Roman camp seemed typical — then a very rare artifact emerged In Haltern am See, Germany, archaeologists unearthed a rare Terra Rubra pot fragment at an ancient Roman military camp site. This piece of Belgic Ware, a pottery style from northern Gaul, stands out among typical Roman military finds. The ongoing excavation aims to shed light on life in this historic camp. | Published June 26 | Read More | McClatchy News continues to follow the discovery of intriguing archaeological discoveries from around the globe. Check back to see the latest finds.
Miami Herald
24-06-2025
- Science
- Miami Herald
Fossils found on island are far older than island itself. How? The ancient Romans
During an excavation on Morocco's Mogador Island, archaeologists discovered two Early Cretaceous fossils estimated to be between 145 and 140 million years old that were mixed in with ancient Roman artifacts. Mogador Island is 'geologically young' at about 2 million years old and has no Cretaceous history, indicating the marine fossils could not have formed there, according to researchers. About 30 miles southeast of Mogador along the coast of Morocco's mainland, there is an abundance of similar brachiopod fossils, and researchers hypothesize that ancient trade networks may explain how the newly discovered fossils ended up on Mogador Island, according to a study published June 6 in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. The fossils, identified as Lamellaerhynchia rostroformis, were found among Roman pottery, metal, and glass that dated back to between the 1st and 3rd century AD. Researchers said the fossils, which show no signs of human manipulation are 'extraordinary objects in relation to the other find categories unearthed at the site.' Their presence points to 'purposeful collection and storage,' according to the study. One hypothesis as to how the fossils ended up there is that seasonal nomadic livestock herders traded meat and goods such as fossils with local inhabitants, in exchange for use of their land. Experts say the fossils also could have been brought to Mogador by merchants selling sandarac wood, which was highly valued by Roman elite. Sandarac wood is found in the mountainous regions of Morocco mainland in the same geological regions where brachiopod fossils can be found, according to the study. A third theory suggests the fossils may have been used in ritualistic or medicinal contexts, as there is evidence of brachiopod use in rituals and spiritual ceremonies in other cultures as well as evidence that the Romans used other types of fossils in similar ways. Excavations on Mogador Island in the 1960s also turned up four brachiopods stashed in a Roman amphora, according to the study. They were interpreted at the time to be 'prophylactic objects,' or meant to ward off illness, researchers said. Experts said invertebrate fossils in the context of Roman interest and trade is 'poorly studied,' and more research is recommended.
Time of India
04-06-2025
- General
- Time of India
Discover 5 massive giant crocodiles that are now extinct
Crocodiles are some of the oldest reptiles on Earth with a history stretching back millions of years. While today's crocodiles are already impressive predators, their ancient ancestors were often on a whole different level from growing to enormous sizes that dwarf the crocodiles we know now. In this journey back in time, we'll explore five of the most massive giant crocodiles that once ruled the rivers and swamps of prehistoric Earth but have since gone extinct. Prepare to meet some truly colossal creatures that showcase the incredible diversity and power of prehistoric crocodiles. Five giant crocodiles that no longer exists Sarcosuchus Sarcosuchus which is often called 'SuperCroc' was an enormous prehistoric crocodile that lived around 112 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous period. It measured up to 12 meters (39 feet) long, which makes it about twice the size of modern crocodiles. This giant reptile had a broad snout filled with sharp teeth which was ideal for catching and crushing large prey, possibly including dinosaurs. Sarcosuchus inhabited rivers and lakes in what is now Africa and South America. Its body was covered in thick and bony armor for protection. As one of the largest crocodilians ever discovered, Sarcosuchus was a dominant apex predator in its ecosystem. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like BCP CFD: Tu oportunidad de ingresos extra principales inversores Leer más Undo Source: Wikipedia Purussaurus Purussaurus was a colossal prehistoric caiman that lived around 5 to 10 million years ago during the Miocene epoch in South America. Growing up to 10–12 meters (33–39 feet) long, it was one of the largest crocodilian species ever. Purussaurus had an enormous and powerful jaw filled with sharp teeth that were capable of crushing large prey including turtles, fish and possibly other large animals. It dominated the rivers and wetlands of its time, using its size and strength to stay at the top of the food chain. Its heavily armored body provided excellent protection against rivals and predators. Source: Dinosaur wiki Dakosaurus Dakosaurus was a fierce marine crocodile that lived around 150 million years ago during the Late Jurassic period. Unlike modern crocodiles, it was adapted to life in the ocean with a streamlined body and powerful jaws filled with sharp and serrated teeth ideal for hunting large fish and marine reptiles. Measuring up to 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) long, Dakosaurus was an apex predator of its time. It had a strong, agile build that made it a fast swimmer, dominating the coastal waters of prehistoric seas with its deadly bite and speed. Source: Fossil wiki Desmatosuchus Desmatosuchus was a large armored reptile that lived about 230 million years ago during the Late Triassic period. Though not a true crocodile, it belonged to a related group called aetosaurs which were distant relatives of modern crocodilians. Measuring around 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) long, Desmatosuchus was covered in heavy bony armor and spikes along its back and sides, providing strong protection against predators. It was primarily a plant-eater, using its beak-like mouth to feed on tough vegetation. Desmatosuchus lived in what is now North America, roaming riverbanks and floodplains. Source: Wikipedia Aegisuchus Aegisuchus was a gigantic prehistoric crocodile that lived around 95 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North Africa. It was nicknamed as the 'Shield Crocodile' because of the distinctive bony crest on its head, Aegisuchus could grow up to 9 meters (30 feet) long. Its unique skull shape suggests it may have had powerful jaw muscles and a strong bite that helped in ambushing large prey. Although less is known about its exact lifestyle, Aegisuchus likely lived in freshwater environments like rivers and lakes, making it one of the most fascinating extinct crocodilian species. Source: Wikipedia Also read: 9 insects that reside on human body for their survival
Borneo Post
20-05-2025
- Science
- Borneo Post
Oyster fossils offer new insights into history of global warming
Judges check oysters after being shucked during John Bil Oyster Shucking Competition at the 2022 Restaurants Canada Show in Toronto, Canada, on May 11, 2022.(Photo by Zou Zheng/Xinhua) BEIJING (May 21): Oysters are a popular delicacy on the dining table, but they also serve as natural recorders of environmental changes. Akin to the rings of a tree, the growth bands on oyster shells reveal not only the creature's age but also the climatic conditions at the time they were formed. High temperatures in summer can boost their growth and result in wider and light-colored bands, while low temperatures in winter may slow down their growth and lead to thinner and darker bands. Scientists believe that reading the growth bands on oyster fossils dating back millions of years can reveal the environmental information of the Earth's past and offer new understanding of the planet's future. A study led by scientists from China, Germany, Britain and Madagascar focused on four oyster fossils from Madagascar and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dating back to the Early Cretaceous (about 140 million years ago), an era when dinosaurs thrived and the climate was warm and greenhouse-like. They discovered notable seasonal variations in sea surface temperatures, along with periodic melting of polar ice sheets and glaciers, indicating that during that ancient warm era, sea temperatures did not consistently rise but fluctuated instead, with cooler periods allowing polar ice to reform. These findings, published in the international journal Science Advances earlier this month, have challenged the long-standing view of 'minimal seasonality and rare glacial activity during greenhouse climates,' revealing the complexity of Earth's climate evolution, said lead researcher Ding Lin, an academician from the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). A visitor holding an oyster poses for photos at an oyster gala held in Rushan City, east China's Shandong Province, Jan. 11, 2020. (Xinhua/Guo Xulei) As early as 2014, Ding's team revealed through analysis of ostracode shell fossils that the Gangdise Mountains are older than the Himalayas. To accurately identify the growth bands, the researchers used advanced instruments to observe the microstructure of the oyster fossils and analyze their chemical composition. Global climate computing models also assisted researchers in verifying the reliability of the data. They found that in the warm Early Cretaceous, winter ocean temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere's mid-latitudes were 10 to 15 degrees Celsius lower than in summer, similar to current seasonal variations in the same region, which suggests that seasonal temperature variations were still quite noticeable under the ancient greenhouse-like climate. Moreover, seasonal glacial meltwater possibly flowed into the oceans during that time, much like the summer melting of glaciers on Greenland's ice sheet today, implying that despite the overall warm climate, glaciers still existed and would melt in summer, releasing fresh water into the oceans. 'The Early Cretaceous greenhouse Earth seems like a symphony, and its warm melodies occasionally punctuated by brief glacial notes,' said the first author He Songlin, a postdoctoral researcher at the CAS institute. He predicts that before the polar ice sheet vanishes entirely, there would be an intermediate phase characterized by periodic fluctuations in ice sheet and glacier activity due to global warming. The study highlights that climate change is not a constant warming trend. Increases in greenhouse gases can result in more frequent extreme weather rather than uniformly rising temperatures. Seagulls perch on the floating ice at the Disko Bay close to Ilulissat, Greenland, an autonomous territory of Denmark, March 22, 2025. (Xinhua/Zhao Dingzhe) The study suggests that the brief glacier events 140 million years ago were likely caused by volcanic activity and shifts in Earth's orbit. 'It reminds us that natural factors, alongside human activities, could cause unexpected cooling events in today's warming world,' said co-first author Wang Tianyang, a postdoctoral researcher at the CAS institute. Unlike the common perception of global warming as a steady rise in temperatures, the researchers warn that the climate system can behave in complex and unpredictable ways. This research opens a new window into Earth's ancient climate and reveals the planet's hidden seasonal rhythms and icy echoes, said co-author Andreas Mulch, a professor at the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre. – Xinhua China climate change conservation Oysters
