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Scroll.in
2 days ago
- Politics
- Scroll.in
Language and power: What Ambedkar and Periyar teach us about Maharashtra's Hindi debate
Since mid-April, Maharashtra became the centre of a major linguistic storm. The state government's decision to make Hindi a compulsory third language in Marathi- and English-medium schools from Classes 1 to 5 sparked a sharp backlash. Protests came from teachers, students, civil society groups and political parties across the spectrum. Although the government on Sunday eventually withdrew the policy, the episode exposed a deeper anxiety: is India drifting from its pluralistic roots toward a homogenised national culture? At the heart of the debate lies the question of who decides which languages matter in India's classrooms, and by extension, in its public life. This question has been asked before by the architect of the Indian Constitution BR Ambedkar, by Dravidian leader EV Ramaswamy 'Periyar' and even by Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci, each offering insights into how language relates to identity, democracy, and power. What Ambedkar knew BR Ambedkar, a native of Maharashtra, argued powerfully in favour of primary education in the mother tongue. Speaking in the Constituent Assembly on 2 September 1949, he said that education in a child's native language is not just pedagogically sound, but it is essential for democratic participation. This view finds echo in a 2025 Unesco report titled Languages Matter: Global guidance on multilingual education. It confirms how children learn best in their first language. In Maharashtra, where Marathi is the mother tongue for nearly 70% of the population (according to the 2011 census), imposing Hindi from the Class 1 risks disrupting that learning process – particularly for rural and marginalised students already struggling with access to education. Ambedkar also cautioned against making Hindi the national language. On September 14, 1949, during heated Constituent assembly debates, he warned that Hindi speakers, while a significant group, were still a 'minority of the population'. He pointed out that privileging one language over others risked alienating vast regions of India and fracturing its federal spirit. His later writings, especially Thoughts on Linguistic States (1955), championed the idea of reconstituting Indian states on linguistic lines to ensure administrative efficiency and cultural autonomy. The formation of Maharashtra in 1960, after the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement demanded a separate state for Marathi sapeakers, reflects this principle. Today, policies like compulsory Hindi in schools can take away the pride and dignity that past language movements fought hard to earn. The illusion of choice The National Education Policy 2020 reaffirms the old three-language formula (previously proposed by Kothari Commission in 1966): regional language, Hindi or English, and a third Indian language. On paper, this seems fair. In practice, however, it disproportionately burdens non-Hindi states. Tamil Nadu has long rejected the formula, sticking to its own two-language policy, which was a result of decades of anti-Hindi agitations. Paradoxically, in many Hindi-speaking states, schools do not actually offer any non-Hindi Indian languages. The result is an asymmetry: non-Hindi states must accommodate Hindi but not vice versa. This contradicts Ambedkar's idea of cooperative federalism, where cultural decisions like language policy should be made with consent and context, not by default. Maharashtra's rollback was thus not just political damage control, but it was a reassertion of federal balance. But as long as the New Education Policy eaves room for interpretation, the risk of cultural overreach remains. What Periyar fought against While Ambedkar believed in institutional safeguards, Tamil leader Periyar waged a more direct war against what he saw as linguistic oppression. In the 1930s and 1960s, Periyar led massive protests in Tamil Nadu against the compulsory teaching of Hindi. For him, this was not about curriculum, but it was about cultural dominance. He warned that compulsory Hindi would lead to 'linguistic slavery'. His fear was not hypothetical. It was grounded in the lived reality of Tamil speakers who saw their language, literature, and identity sidelined by an increasingly Hindi-centric nationalism. Periyar's critique resonates in Maharashtra today. Many there view the push for Hindi as an attempt to dilute regional identity and cultural autonomy. His message remains urgent: language policy is rarely neutral; moreover, it often reflects the power of some to define the identity of others. The language of power Italian philosopher and political theorist Antonio Gramsci never wrote about India, but his theory of 'cultural hegemony' helps us understand how language operates in complex societies. Gramsci argued that dominant groups do not just rule through laws or violence, but they shape what people see as 'common sense'. Language is one of the most powerful tools in this process. When a Marathi-speaking child from Vidarbha or Marathwada region is told to learn Hindi from Class 1, without any reciprocal push for Hindi speakers to learn Marathi, that child absorbs more than grammar. She internalises the idea that some languages (and by extension, cultures) matter more than others. This is the slow, often invisible work of hegemony. It does not always come from diktats. Sometimes, it arrives as curriculum reform. Beyond Maharashtra The controversy in Maharashtra is not unique or isolated. In 2017, Bengaluru witnessed the #NammaMetroHindiBeda campaign, opposing Hindi signage in the city's metro system. In Tamil Nadu, resistance to Hindi remains a political mainstay. West Bengal saw students protesting Hindi-only policies in scientific institutions. In Punjab, Panjab University students demanded respect for Punjabi in official communication. Even the North East – India's most linguistically diverse region – has pushed back. In 2022, the central government mandated Hindi up to Class 10 in all North Eastern states, prompting fierce objections from local cultural groups who saw the move as cultural erasure. Each of these movements' points to a deeper struggle: the protection of linguistic identities in a centralised nation-state. Who gets to decide? India's strength lies not in any single language or culture, but in its ability to hold many together. Ambedkar reminds us that language should be a tool of empowerment, not exclusion. Periyar shows that resistance is necessary when institutions fail. Gramsci teaches us to look beneath the surface of policy and ask: who benefits? The Maharashtra controversy is not just a local educational dispute. It is a national moment of reflection. Should language be used to unify, or to dominate? Should it reflect our diversity, or override it? And most crucially, who gets to decide? Aniruddha Mahajan is a doctoral researcher at the University of Edinburgh, UK. His research interests include caste inequalities, student activism, nationalism, regional and linguistic politics, and the intellectual history of South Asia.
The Hindu
01-05-2025
- Business
- The Hindu
Maharashtra celebrates Foundation Day with vibrant tributes to heritage, progress
Maharashtra observed its 65th Foundation Day on Thursday (May 1, 2025) with grand celebrations across the State, highlighting its cultural, historical, and social legacy. Marked annually on May 1, Maharashtra Day commemorates the creation of the State in 1960, following the bifurcation of the erstwhile Bombay state. The State, known for its economic prowess and rich heritage, celebrated the day with a series of events showcasing its contributions to India's progress. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in a special message on social media platform X, extended his greetings to the people of Maharashtra and Gujarat, praising the rapid strides made by both States since their formation. He lauded Maharashtra for its vital role in India's growth and described the State's history as one of courage and resilience. 'Maharashtra has always been a strong pillar of progress,' PM Modi said, adding that the State's commitment to development while staying rooted in its cultural heritage had made it a beacon of success. Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis, addressing the occasion, paid tribute to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement at Hutatma Chowk in Mumbai. He emphasized Maharashtra's relentless pursuit of progress, stating, 'Our vision is to make Maharashtra a trillion-dollar economy, continuing the path shown by icons like Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'. In addition to these tributes, Mr. Fadnavis announced a new 100-day development initiative, details of which are expected to be unveiled soon. The initiative is aimed at accelerating infrastructure development and enhancing the State's economic position. On the ceremonial front, Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar unfurled the national flag at the City Police Headquarters Parade Ground in Pune, while his counterpart Eknath Shinde hoisted it at Saket Maidan in Thane. In Mumbai, former Governor Ramesh Bais joined Governor C.P. Radhakrishnan in flag-hoisting ceremonies, both paying homage to the State's history and its legendary figures, including Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, freedom fighters such as B.G. Tilak and V.D. Savarkar and reformers such as Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Governor Radhakrishnan also expressed his condolences for the victims of the recent Pahalgam terror attack in Jammu & Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 people, including a Nepalese national. He praised the Maharashtra government for ensuring the safe return of all stranded tourists from the region. In a significant policy announcement, Mr. Fadnavis revealed that the Maharashtra Cabinet had approved a new policy aimed at developing the State's shipbuilding, shipbreaking, and ship repair industries. This initiative is expected to boost the State's economy and generate significant employment opportunities. 'This policy will create a new ecosystem in shipbuilding, ship recycling, and ship repair, helping to tap into India's vast potential in this sector,' the Chief Minister stated. Additionally, the Cabinet made provisions for the families of those from Maharashtra who were killed in the Pahalgam terror attack. The State government will provide a compensation of ₹50 lakh to the families of the deceased, along with a government job for an immediate family member where no earning member is left. Mr. Fadnavis also officially announced that the daughter of Santosh Jagdale, one of the victims of the attack, would be given a government job as part of the State's support to the grieving families.
Hans India
01-05-2025
- Politics
- Hans India
Maharashtra Day 2025: History, Significance, and Celebrations
Maharashtra Day, also known as Maharashtra Diwas, is observed every year on May 1 to mark the formation of the state of Maharashtra in 1960. This day is significant in the history of modern India as it symbolizes the triumph of the Marathi-speaking population's demand for a separate state. Historical Background Following India's independence in 1947, the nation underwent reorganisation to align states based on linguistic demographics through the States Reorganisation Act of 1956. However, the then Bombay State included speakers of multiple languages, including Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, and Kutchi. This led to the rise of the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, a strong regional campaign advocating for a separate Marathi-speaking state. In response to widespread protests and public support for this demand, the Indian Parliament enacted the Bombay Reorganisation Act in April 1960. This law came into effect on May 1, 1960, resulting in the bifurcation of the Bombay State into two states—Maharashtra and Gujarat—based on linguistic lines. Significance of Maharashtra Day Maharashtra Day not only marks the administrative creation of the state but also serves as a tribute to the cultural, linguistic, and social identity of the Marathi people. The day honors the sacrifices of individuals involved in the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement and celebrates the state's unity and pride. Maharashtra has since emerged as a key contributor to India's economy, culture, and social progress. With Mumbai as its capital—India's financial center—the state houses several heritage landmarks like the Ajanta and Ellora Caves and has been pivotal in India's industrial and cultural development. Celebrations and Observances May 1 is a regional public holiday in Maharashtra and coincides with International Labour Day. Celebrations are held throughout the state, with major events taking place at Shivaji Park in Mumbai, where the Governor of Maharashtra usually presides over the official ceremony. People participate in parades, cultural programs, and musical rallies, often dressed in traditional attire. Schools, banks, government offices, and most businesses remain closed. All major financial markets, including the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange (NSE), and currency markets, also observe a holiday.
NDTV
01-05-2025
- Politics
- NDTV
Why May 1 Is Celebrated As Maharashtra Day? Know History And Significance
Maharashtra Day, commonly known as Maharashtra Diwas, is celebrated annually on May 1 to commemorate the day on which the western Indian state was created in the year 1960. On this day in 1960, the Bombay Reorganisation Act came into effect, creating Maharashtra, following many protests and demonstrations in support of the new state. The act created two new states out of the erstwhile Bombay State - Maharashtra, for the Marathi-speaking people, and Gujarat, for those whose mother tongue is Gujarati. History of Maharashtra Day, 2025 After India gained independence, the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 grouped provinces and princely states into the Union of India based on language. However, Bombay State comprised diverse linguistic groups, including Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, and Kutchi speakers. A regional movement known as the Samyukta Maharashtra Andolan started agitations and protests, demanding a separate Marathi-speaking state. To achieve this, the Bombay Reorganisation Act was passed in Parliament in April 1960. The act bifurcated the Bombay State into two separate states, namely, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Significance of Maharashtra Day 2025 Maharashtra Day celebrates the linguistic and cultural identity of the Marathi people, honouring the sacrifices of those involved in the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. It symbolises unity, resilience, and the preservation of Marathi heritage, while also reflecting Maharashtra's contributions to India's economy, culture, and social reforms. The state is known for its rich history, diverse traditions, and landmarks like the Ajanta Caves, as well as its role as an economic powerhouse with Mumbai as India's financial hub. Celebration Maharashtra Day, which falls on the same day as the International Labour Day, is a regional public holiday. The day is celebrated across the state with cultural events, parades, and other public gatherings. A grand celebration is held at Shivaji Park in Mumbai which is attended by the Governor. People dress up in traditional garb to attend musical rallies and other cultural events across Maharashtra. Educational institutes, banks, government offices, and several establishments remain shut. All major financial markets, including the BSE, National Stock Exchange, currency and debt markets, will also remain closed on Monday on account of Maharashtra Day.
Time of India
30-04-2025
- Politics
- Time of India
Happy Maharashtra Day 2025: 10+ images, photos, wishes, and quotes in English and Marathi to share online on Maharashtra Diwas
Happy Maharashtra Day 2025: Maharashtra Day is celebrated every year on May 1st. It marks the formation of Maharashtra in 1960 after the Bombay State was divided into Maharashtra and Gujarat based on language. It is a public holiday in the state. The day honours Maharashtra's culture, language, and history. Maharashtra Day celebrations include parades, political speeches, and cultural programs. The main event is held at Shivaji Park in Mumbai. May 1st is also observed as International Labour Day, making it a day of double celebration in 2025. Government offices, banks, and schools remain closed. Liquor shops are also shut as the state observes a dry day. Why do we celebrate Maharashtra day 2025? Maharashtra Day 2025 is celebrated on May 1 to mark the formation of the state in 1960. It was created after the Bombay State was divided into Maharashtra for Marathi-speaking people and Gujarat for Gujarati-speaking people. This division happened due to the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement. The movement was a strong and emotional struggle with protests and sacrifices. It aimed to form a state based on language and culture. Gujarat Day 2025: Bank closures and liquor sale restrictions On Gujarat Day 2025, all banks in the state will remain closed as it is a public holiday. This is as per the official bank holiday calendar for Gujarat. Gujarat follows strict prohibition laws as a dry state, so the sale of alcohol is generally banned on major public holidays, dry days, election days, and important festivals. On Gujarat Day, these rules apply strictly. Happy Maharashtra Day 2025 HD images & photos for WhatsApp and Instagram Happy Maharashtra Day 2025: Inspirational quotes in Marathi & English Below are the required Happy Maharashtra Day 2025 Inspirational quotes in Marathi & English listed: Happy Maharashtra Day 2025 quotes & wishes in English Happy Maharashtra Day 2025! Celebrate the pride and rich heritage of Maharashtra with joy and unity. जय महाराष्ट्र! Wishing all Maharashtrians a Happy Maharashtra Din 2025 filled with prosperity, culture, and progress. Let's honour the spirit of Maharashtra! Maharashtra is not just a state; it's a symbol of unity in diversity. Happy Maharashtra Day 2025! From the Sahyadri hills to the Arabian Sea, every inch of Maharashtra speaks heritage and pride. Celebrate the soil that gave us valour, culture, and vision. Happy Maharashtra Day 2025! Celebrate Maharashtra Day 2025 with love for the Marathi language, traditions, and the vibrant culture that defines our great state. जय महाराष्ट्र! Happy Maharashtra Day 2025 wishes in Marathi माझा महाराष्ट्र – माझा अभिमान! महाराष्ट्र दिनाच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा! छत्रपतींच्या महाराष्ट्राला, ज्ञानेश्वर-तुकारामांच्या संस्कृतीला, आणि मराठी अस्मितेला सलाम! महाराष्ट्र दिनाच्या शुभेच्छा! धन्य ती महाराष्ट्राची माती! धन्य ते माय मराठीचे नाते. या पवित्र धरणीला कोटी कोटी नमन. महाराष्ट्र दिनाच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा! शौर्य, ज्ञान, बंधुता आणि समानता असे अष्टपैलू घेऊन जगणारे माझे महान राष्ट्र, महाराष्ट्र! महाराष्ट्र दिनाच्या मनःपूर्वक शुभेच्छा! दगड होईन तर सह्याद्रीचा होईन, माती झालो तर महाराष्ट्राची होईन, तलवार झालो तर आई भवानीची होईन. जय भवानी जय शिवाजी! महाराष्ट्र दिनाच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा! Happy Gujarat Day 2025 wishes & quotes in English and Gujarati Below are the required happy Gujarat Day 2025 Inspirational quotes in Gujarati & English listed: Happy Gujarat Day 2025 wishes in English Gujarat is a land of rich culture, strong heritage, and endless opportunities. Happy Gujarat Day 2025! On Gujarat Day 2025, let us celebrate the spirit of unity, progress, and resilience of our great state. The strength of Gujarat lies in its people, traditions, and unwavering commitment to growth. Gujarat Day reminds us to cherish our roots and strive for a brighter future together. From the vibrant festivals to the industrious spirit, Gujarat shines as a jewel of India. Happy Gujarat Day 2025! Happy Gujarat Day 2025 wishes in Marathi ગુજરાત એ સમૃદ્ધ સંસ્કૃતિ, મજબૂત વારસો અને અનંત તકોથી ભરેલું છે. ગુજરાત દિન ૨૦૨૫ મુબારક! ગુજરાત દિન ૨૦૨૫ પર, આપણા મહાન રાજ્યની એકતા, વિકાસ અને સહનશીલતાનું ઉત્સવ મનાવીએ. ગુજરાતની શક્તિ તેના લોકો, પરંપરા અને વિકાસ માટેના અડગ સંકલ્પમાં છે. ગુજરાત દિન આપણને આપણા મૂળને યાદ કરવા અને સાથે મળીને તેજસ્વી ભવિષ્ય માટે પ્રયત્ન કરવા યાદ અપાવે છે. રંગીન તહેવારોથી લઈને મહેનતી આત્મા સુધી, ગુજરાત ભારતનો એક રત્ન છે. ગુજરાત દિન ૨૦૨૫ મુબારક! Happy Maharashtra Day 2025 images & posters For more informative articles on historical and upcoming events from around the world, please visit Indiatimes Events.
