Latest news with #paleontologists
Gizmodo
4 days ago
- Science
- Gizmodo
An Even Scarier Predator Hunted Giant ‘Terror Birds' in South America
Sometime between 16 and 11.6 million years ago, a young caiman came upon a tasty snack in modern-day South America. The meal, however, turned out to be rather ambitious, because the croc hadn't come upon just any old prey. It was a phorusrhacid, a large carnivore in its own right, aptly known as a 'terror bird.' The now-extinct terror bird wouldn't have given in without a fight—unless, of course, it was already dead, and the opportunistic croc simply scavenged its dead body. That doesn't seem to be the case, however. The meeting of the two apex predators played out, and all that's left of it today is a handful of puncture wounds on a fossilized bone dating back to the Middle Miocene Epoch. For paleontologists, it's offering rare insights into a prehistoric feeding interaction between two formidable but very different beasts. 'Evidence of direct trophic [feeding] interactions between apex predators remains as a topic that has been historically understudied,' researchers wrote in a study reconstructing the encounter, published Wednesday in the journal Biology Letters. 'Prey is most often represented by herbivores and other animals that are not on the top of the trophic web,' i.e. non-apex predators, according to the study. This anecdotal account of an 'aquatic apex predator feeding on a terrestrial apex predator' adds to our understanding of how complex food webs can be in both modern and ancient vertebrate ecosystems,' the scientists wrote. To investigate the prehistoric showdown, the researchers scanned the previously identified terror bird fossil to create a digital model of the puncture wounds. They then turned the tooth marks into negatives to compare them to the teeth of crocodyliforms (a group of predatory reptiles including crocodiles, alligators, and caimans) from La Venta, the fossil hotspot in Colombia where the specimen originates. 'Comparisons with specimens of [modern] black caiman, Melanosuchus niger, suggest that the traces were likely inflicted by a large caimanine, between 4.6 and 4.8 m [15.1 to 17.7 feet] long,' explained the researchers, including University of the Andes' biologist Andres Link. 'In the current fossil assemblage of La Venta, the best match for a large caiman in this size range would be a juvenile or subadult specimen of the giant caimanine P. neivensis, the largest crocodyliform in the La Venta Fauna.' Because the bite marks on the terror bird bone don't show signs of healing, the bird likely did not survive the Purussaurus neivensis' attack, or was already dead. Lion Bite Marks on 1,800-Year-Old Skeleton Confirm Gladiators Fought in Roman Britain The study ultimately sheds light on an interaction between 'some of the most emblematic apex predators in the Miocene of South America,' suggesting that large phorusrhacids may have had more to worry about than researchers previously thought.
Yahoo
4 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Fossils unearthed in Grand Canyon reveal new details of evolutionary explosion of life
Paleontologists have discovered remarkable fossils in the Grand Canyon that reveal fresh details about the emergence of complex life half a billion years ago. The newfound remains of fauna from the region suggest that it offered ideal conditions for life to flourish and diversify, in a 'Goldilocks zone' between harsh extremes elsewhere. This evolutionary opportunity produced a multitude of early animals, including oddballs with peculiar adaptations for survival, according to new research. During the Cambrian explosion, which played out in the coastal waters of Earth's oceans about 540 million years ago, most animal body types that exist today emerged in a relatively short time span, scientists believe. Back then, the Grand Canyon was closer to the equator, and the region was covered by a warm, shallow sea teeming with burgeoning life — aquatic creatures resembling modern-day shrimp, pill bugs and slugs — all developing new ways to exploit the abundant resources. Researchers turned to the Grand Canyon's layers of sedimentary rock to unlock secrets of this pivotal moment in the history of life, digging into the flaky, claylike shale of the Bright Angel Formation where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. The study team expected to recover mostly the fossilized remains of hard-shelled invertebrates typical of the region. Instead, the team unearthed something unusual: rocks containing well-preserved internal fragments of tiny soft-bodied mollusks, crustaceans, and priapulids, also known as penis worms. 'With these kinds of fossils, we can better study their morphology, their appearance, and their lifestyle in much greater resolution, which is not possible with the shelly parts,' said Giovanni Mussini, the first author of the study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances. 'It's a new kind of window on Cambrian life in the Grand Canyon.' Using high-powered microscopes, the team was able to investigate innovations such as miniature chains of teeth from rock-scraping mollusks and the hairy limbs and molars of filter-feeding crustaceans, providing a rare look into the biologically complex ways Cambrian animals adapted to capture and eat prey. The 'Goldilocks zone' for innovation For most of the planet's 4 billion-year history, simplicity reigned. Single-celled microbes remained stationary on the ocean floor, thriving on chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide and sulfur molecules to break down food. What changed? Scientists still debate what drove the Cambrian explosion, but the most popular theory is that oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere slowly began to increase about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University. Oxygen provided a much more efficient way to metabolize food, giving animals more energy to mobilize and hunt for prey, suggested Sperling, who was not involved in the new study. 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. During the Cambrian, the shallow sea covering the Grand Canyon was especially oxygen-rich thanks to its perfect, 'Goldilocks' depth, said Mussini, a doctoral student in Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Ranging from 40 to 50 meters (about 130 to 165 feet) in depth, the ecosystem was undisturbed by the shoreline's constant waves shifting around sediments, and sunlight was still able to reach photosynthesizing plants on the seafloor that could provide oxygen. The abundance of food and favorable environmental conditions meant that animals could take more evolutionary risks to stay ahead of their competition, Mussini said. 'In a more resource-starved environment, animals can't afford to make that sort of physiological investment,' Mussini said in a news release from the University of Cambridge. 'It's got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.' Many soft-bodied fossil finds before this one have come from regions with harsh environments such as Canada's Burgess Shale formation and China's Maotianshan Shales, noted Susannah Porter, a professor of Earth science at the University of California in Santa Barbara who was not involved in the study. 'It's not unlike if paleontologists far in the future only had great fossil records from Antarctica, where harsh cold environments forced people to adapt. … But then found great human fossils in New York City, where people flourished,' Porter explained. 'We have an opportunity to see different sorts of evolutionary pressures that aren't like, it's really cold, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water.' Weird adaptations of Cambrian animals While some of the feeding mechanisms uncovered in the Grand Canyon fossils are still around today, others are much more alien. Among the most freakish: penis worms that turned their mouths inside out, revealing a throat lined with hairy teeth. The worms, also known as cactus worms, are mostly extinct today, but were widespread during the Cambrian. The fossilized worm found in the Grand Canyon represents a previously unknown species. Due to its relatively large size — about 3.9 inches (10 centimeters) — and distinct teeth, it was named Kraytdraco spectatus, after the fictional krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe, Mussini said. This particular penis worm appears to have had a gradient of hundreds of branching teeth used to sweep food into an extendable mouth. 'It's a bit hard to understand how exactly it was feeding,' Mussini said. 'But it was probably eating debris on the seafloor, scraping it away with some of the most robust teeth that it had, and then using these other, more delicate teeth to filter and retain it within this long, tube-like mouth.' Rows of tiny molars, sternal parts and comblike limbs that once belonged to crustaceans were also among the findings, which all date back 507 million to 502 million years. Similar to today's brine shrimp, the crustaceans used these fine-haired limbs to capture floating food from the water and bring it to the mouth, where molars would then grind down the particles, Mussini explained. Nestled among the molars, researchers even found a few unlucky plankton. Other creatures resembling their modern counterparts included sluglike mollusks. The fossils revealed chains of teeth that likely helped them scrape algae or bacteria from along the seafloor. 'For each of these animals, there's different components, but most of what we found directly relates to the way these animals were processing their food, which is one of the most exciting parts, because it tells us a lot about their lifestyle, and as a consequence, their ecological implications,' Mussini said. Sign up for CNN's Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more. Solve the daily Crossword
Yahoo
4 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Neither Scales Nor Feathers: Bizarre Appendage Discovered on Reptile Fossil
A bizarre reptile once scurried through the Triassic treetops with an extravagant crest on its back, one made from neither scale, nor bone, nor feather. The extinct creature's 247-million-year-old fossils immediately stood out to paleontologists. The impressive appendage on its back looks like a frill of overlapping feathers at first glance, but it's much older than the earliest fossilized feather, and there's no branching to indicate a plume. The elaborate structure also lacks bony spines, such as those seen in later dinosaurs, like Spinosaurus. Related: "This had to be something new," Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History paleontologist Stephan Spiekman told ScienceAlert. "Prior to our discovery, complex outgrowths from the skin were restricted to mammals and birds and their closest relatives, predominantly in the form of feathers and hair. "We now have another, different type of complex appendage, in a very early reptile." Long before dinosaurs evolved plumage, it appears that some early reptiles were already putting together a genetic toolkit for complex appendages. The dorsal crests discovered by Spiekman and his colleagues are "basically novel to science", so they don't yet have a name. In their study, the researchers essentially refer to them as skin outgrowths, but they aren't actually similar to reptile skin. Spiekman thinks the outgrowths may be made of keratin, similar to nails, hairs, scales, or claws. Confirming that suspicion will require further analysis. Altogether, Spiekman and his colleagues studied more than 80 fossils of the outgrowths, recently donated to the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, Germany. The vast majority had lost their corresponding skeletons; only one of the fossils featured the bird-like skull of a small, ancient reptile. The extinct animal has been named Mirasaura grauvogeli, the first part of which means 'wonderous reptile'. Technically, the species is a drepanosaur – a small, early reptile that lived in the trees, hunting insects with its velociraptor-like claws. But its crest is the real stand-out feature. "Mirasaura developed an alternative to feathers very early in Earth's history, long before the dinosaurs, which we did not expect and which will stimulate discussion and research," says reptile paleontologist Rainer Schoch, from the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart. The exact function of the Mirasaura's dorsal appendage is unknown, but based on the physics, it probably wasn't used for flight or insulation. A role in visual communication, such as predator deterrence or intraspecies signaling, is more likely. The best preserved Mirasaura fossils were found to contain traces of melanosomes, which are organelles within pigment cells. Interestingly, their geometry is consistent with the melanosomes that color feathers, but not those found in reptile skin or mammal hair. "Mirasaura really shows how surprising evolution can be, and how much we can still learn from palaeontology," Spiekman told ScienceAlert. "We already knew from genetics and developmental biology that much of the pathway to form feathers, hairs, and scales, is shared between mammals, reptiles, and birds. Now, with Mirasaura, we can say that such complex structures did indeed grow in other animals, too." Turns out, reptiles aren't the scaly, simple animals we often paint them out to be. They deserve more credit. The study was published in Nature. Related News America's Largest Crater Has Surprise Link to Grand Canyon, Study Finds 500-Million-Year-Old Fossil Suggests Ocean Origin For Spiders Secret Bone Armor Discovered Beneath Skins of Australian Lizards Solve the daily Crossword
CTV News
4 days ago
- Science
- CTV News
Fossils unearthed in Grand Canyon reveal new details of evolutionary explosion of life
Paleontologists have discovered remarkable fossils in the Grand Canyon that reveal fresh details about the emergence of complex life half a billion years ago. The newfound remains of fauna from the region suggest that it offered ideal conditions for life to flourish and diversify, in a 'Goldilocks zone' between harsh extremes elsewhere. This evolutionary opportunity produced a multitude of early animals, including oddballs with peculiar adaptations for survival, according to new research. During the Cambrian explosion, which played out in the coastal waters of Earth's oceans about 540 million years ago, most animal body types that exist today emerged in a relatively short time span, scientists believe. Back then, the Grand Canyon was closer to the equator, and the region was covered by a warm, shallow sea teeming with burgeoning life — aquatic creatures resembling modern-day shrimp, pill bugs and slugs — all developing new ways to exploit the abundant resources. Researchers turned to the Grand Canyon's layers of sedimentary rock to unlock secrets of this pivotal moment in the history of life, digging into the flaky, claylike shale of the Bright Angel Formation where most of the canyon's Cambrian-era fossils have been found. The study team expected to recover mostly the fossilized remains of hard-shelled invertebrates typical of the region. Instead, the team unearthed something unusual: rocks containing well-preserved internal fragments of tiny soft-bodied mollusks, crustaceans, and priapulids, also known as penis worms. 'With these kinds of fossils, we can better study their morphology, their appearance, and their lifestyle in much greater resolution, which is not possible with the shelly parts,' said Giovanni Mussini, the first author of the study published Wednesday in the journal Science Advances. 'It's a new kind of window on Cambrian life in the Grand Canyon.' Using high-powered microscopes, the team was able to investigate innovations such as miniature chains of teeth from rock-scraping mollusks and the hairy limbs and molars of filter-feeding crustaceans, providing a rare look into the biologically complex ways Cambrian animals adapted to capture and eat prey. The 'Goldilocks zone' for innovation For most of the planet's 4-billion-year history, simplicity reigned. Single-celled microbes remained stationary on the ocean floor, thriving on chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide and sulfur molecules to break down food. What changed? Scientists still debate what drove the Cambrian explosion, but the most popular theory is that oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere slowly began to increase about 550 million years ago, said Erik Sperling, an associate professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University. Oxygen provided a much more efficient way to metabolize food, giving animals more energy to mobilize and hunt for prey, suggested Sperling, who was not involved in the new study. Animal Organ Fossils Grand Canyon Researchers uncovered the internal body parts of Cambrian fauna, such as these bits of sternums from crustaceans. (Mussini et al. via CNN Newsource) 'The (emergence of) predators kicked off these escalatory arms races, and then we basically got the explosion of different ways of doing business,' Sperling said. During the Cambrian, the shallow sea covering the Grand Canyon was especially oxygen-rich thanks to its perfect, 'Goldilocks' depth, said Mussini, a doctoral student in Earth sciences at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Ranging from 40 to 50 metres (about 130 to 165 feet) in depth, the ecosystem was undisturbed by the shoreline's constant waves shifting around sediments, and sunlight was still able to reach photosynthesizing plants on the seafloor that could provide oxygen. The abundance of food and favourable environmental conditions meant that animals could take more evolutionary risks to stay ahead of their competition, Mussini said. 'In a more resource-starved environment, animals can't afford to make that sort of physiological investment,' Mussini said in a news release from the University of Cambridge. 'It's got certain parallels with economics: invest and take risks in times of abundance; save and be conservative in times of scarcity.' Many soft-bodied fossil finds before this one have come from regions with harsh environments such as Canada's Burgess Shale formation and China's Maotianshan Shales, noted Susannah Porter, a professor of Earth science at the University of California in Santa Barbara who was not involved in the study. 'It's not unlike if paleontologists far in the future only had great fossil records from Antarctica, where harsh cold environments forced people to adapt. … But then found great human fossils in New York City, where people flourished,' Porter explained. 'We have an opportunity to see different sorts of evolutionary pressures that aren't like, it's really cold, it's really hot, there's not a lot of water.' Weird adaptations of Cambrian animals While some of the feeding mechanisms uncovered in the Grand Canyon fossils are still around today, others are much more alien. Among the most freakish: penis worms that turned their mouths inside out, revealing a throat lined with hairy teeth. The worms, also known as cactus worms, are mostly extinct today, but were widespread during the Cambrian. The fossilized worm found in the Grand Canyon represents a previously unknown species. Due to its relatively large size — about 3.9 inches (10 centimetres) — and distinct teeth, it was named Kraytdraco spectatus, after the fictional krayt dragon from the Star Wars universe, Mussini said. This particular penis worm appears to have had a gradient of hundreds of branching teeth used to sweep food into an extendable mouth. 'It's a bit hard to understand how exactly it was feeding,' Mussini said. 'But it was probably eating debris on the seafloor, scraping it away with some of the most robust teeth that it had, and then using these other, more delicate teeth to filter and retain it within this long, tube-like mouth.' Rows of tiny molars, sternal parts and comblike limbs that once belonged to crustaceans were also among the findings, which all date back 507 million to 502 million years. Similar to today's brine shrimp, the crustaceans used these fine-haired limbs to capture floating food from the water and bring it to the mouth, where molars would then grind down the particles, Mussini explained. Nestled among the molars, researchers even found a few unlucky plankton. Other creatures resembling their modern counterparts included sluglike mollusks. The fossils revealed chains of teeth that likely helped them scrape algae or bacteria from along the seafloor. 'For each of these animals, there's different components, but most of what we found directly relates to the way these animals were processing their food, which is one of the most exciting parts, because it tells us a lot about their lifestyle, and as a consequence, their ecological implications,' Mussini said. By Kameryn Griesser, CNN
Yahoo
6 days ago
- Science
- Yahoo
Different dinosaur species may have really traveled together like in the movies
Across the African savanna, zebras and wildebeests travel together in massive herds often peppered with impalas and gazelles. The larger the herd, the safer its members are from predators like lions, hyenas and African wild dogs. Scientists have wondered whether dinosaurs similarly engaged in mixed-species herding behavior. Children's movies like 'The Land Before Time' series and 'Dinosaur' (2000) often depict motley crews of dinosaurs migrating together, like apatosaurs and triceratops or iguanodons and parasaurolophus (despite often living in different time periods). But evidence that different dinosaur species actually travelled with each other was lacking in the fossil record. (The Real Wisdom of the Crowds) Now, paleontologists working in the badlands of Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada, have uncovered fossilized footprints they say provide the first evidence of different species of dinosaurs herding together—though not everyone is convinced. The finding was published Wednesday in PLOS One. The 76-million-year-old footprints tell the story of a small group of horned dinosaurs, called ceratopsians, that may have formed a Lord of the Rings-esque traveling party with an armored ankylosaurid and, perhaps, a small two-legged theropod. And like Tolkien's famous fellowship, this band of travelers may have been stalked by fearsome foes: a pair of large carnivorous tyrannosaurs. Following Footsteps In the summer of 2024, Brian Pickles, a paleontologist at the University of Reading in England and his colleague Phil Bell were searching for fossils in the park when they came across something strange sticking out of the ground. 'We'd gone out prospecting for bones and weren't having much luck,' says Pickles. But then Bell, a paleontologist from the University of New England in Australia, came across a raised rim of iron stone. 'He started poking around and realized that it was a dinosaur footprint.' The 48 hours that followed the find were a whirlwind of frantic excavation and profound discoveries that culminated in what he calls 'a revolution in dinosaur paleoecology at Dinosaur Provincial Park.' In a patch of land roughly the size of two parking spaces, the team was able to excavate over a dozen fossilized footprints. Unlike other dinosaur track sites where footprints often overlap, these tracks were evenly spaced and showed no signs of crowding. Based on their size, shape, and direction, the researchers concluded they were likely made by a mixed-species group of at least five dinosaurs walking together. The team also found the fossilized footprints of two large tyrannosaurs that may have been walking side-by-side near the herd. Were these apex predators working together to hunt? And was the herd formed as a way to defend against such predation? In the grasslands of Africa, lions will often follow mixed species herds of herbivores and work together to hunt them. Could these footprints have captured a similar situation unfolding? 'It's quite evocative to think of this situation as being similar to what we see on the African plains today,' says Pickles. 'We don't know the specific timing. The tyrannosaurs could have been there first.' 'Weak feet?' Some researchers not involved in the work questioned the team's conclusions. Anthony Romilio, a paleontologist at the University of Queensland in Australia, says that although some dinosaurs likely did form mixed-species herds, he disagrees with how the authors interpreted the footprints. 'As researchers, we're naturally drawn to the possibilities these fossils offer—but that excitement can sometimes lead to interpretive overreach,' Romilio says. In his view, the ceratopsian and ankylosaurid tracks look similar in shape, and he thinks they are more likely to be poorly preserved footprints of large-bodied hadrosaurs. 'That interpretation may not be as headline-grabbing, but it aligns better with what we know from both fossil footprints and trackways,' he says. Christian Meyer, a paleontologist from the University of Basel in Switzerland, is also skeptical, and calls the findings "speculative." "I find that the preservation of the tracks, including their taxonomic assignment, is on weak feet, as there are no complete trackways preserved that show also the walking pattern," he says. "Moreover, the interpretation of mixed herding is—given the facts—in my view a bit overstretched." Since the excavation that sparked this new study, Pickles and his colleagues say they have found over ten additional dinosaur trackways. With this many trackways, Pickles says, figuring out whether some dinosaurs formed mixed-species herds is just the beginning. 'There's potentially a lot more going on there than we've been able to expose so far,' he says. Solve the daily Crossword
