Latest news with #waterintake
Gizmodo
20-07-2025
- Health
- Gizmodo
Larq Bottle PureVis 2 Review: Drinking Water as a Video Game Isn't as Dumb as It Sounds
There's something I learned about hydration that I can never forget: if you are thirsty, you are already dehydrated. It's a rule of thumb that can come in handy if you are out on a long hike or on the beach in the middle of summer when the risk of becoming dehydrated is pretty high. But day-to-day, I rarely pay attention to how much water I drink or how dehydrated my body could be. Despite the ever-growing popularity of mega-sized water bottles and counting the number of glasses people should drink in a day, most of us (a large estimate on my part) are not as obsessed with how many glasses or ounces of water we consume. But should we be? Numerous studies suggest that increasing our water intake could be good for our health. If we go by the rule of thumb that if you are thirsty, it's already too late, we are probably all a little dehydrated a large percentage of the time. See Larq Bottle PureVis 2 at Amazon Larq Bottle PurVis 2 If you are looking for a fun way to drink more water and you have the means to spend a decent amount on a water bottle, the Larq PureVis2 is a good time. Pros Cons That's at least part of the premise behind the Larq Bottle PureVis 2, a smart water bottle that tracks how much water you've consumed throughout your day. The bottle contains an internal sensor system that measures the water level inside it each time you take a sip and reclose the top. That's one part of Larq. The other part is a proprietary cleaning system attached to the bottle's straw that cleans and purifies the water inside. All together, the device is about as high-tech as a water bottle can get. And at $140 for the 34-ounce and $130 for the 23-ounce bottle, you likely need to be quite serious about your hydration needs to justify the cost. While I've tracked many health metrics in the past, I've honestly never thought all that much about hydration. Despite knowing the scary rule that thirst usually means dehydration—and that water is literally essential to life—I've mainly just drank water when I'm thirsty and stopped when I felt hydrated. So I was super curious to see how much water I was actually consuming based on vibes alone. When you first set up the Larq Bottle PureVis 2, it takes you through a series of questions about your water needs, including your age and how often and vigorously you typically exercise. Based on those questions, the app told me that I should consume about 57.1 ounces of water per day. That seemed fairly doable, especially considering how hot it was (summer in New York City has been high 80s Fahrenheit) and the fact that I go on at least a 30-minute-ish run most days. Each time you take a sip of water from the Larq Bottle PureVis 2 and close the lid, the sensor recalibrates how much water is left and calculates the amount of liquid you just consumed. It then reveals this information on a meter on the app. No matter how little or how much you drank, it adds it into your overall total. This part I found addictive because it basically turns drinking water into a video game, and I got completely hooked. I looked forward to seeing the meter inch closer to 100% with each sip. However, unfortunately, the sensor didn't work perfectly every time. There were times when I would consume a decent amount of water, and the sensor or app, for whatever reason, wouldn't register that amount that I just drank, and nothing I did to try to fix it—make sure the battery was charged, refill the water bottle to the top again, etc.—would fix it. I found this somewhat frustrating because again, I had become committed to getting as far as I could to 100% by the end of the day, and if I drank a large amount of water and it didn't register, that was quite frustrating. And it happened often enough that I couldn't shrug it off. When it did work, which was the majority of the time (if I had to put a number on it, it would probably be 75% of the time), it was incredibly fun and also useful to track my water intake. This was especially true throughout the day when I otherwise wouldn't be thinking about my hydration status. I found that without prompting myself to, I actually rarely drank water. Like almost none at all. I would drink a glass when I woke up and immediately after I worked out, but other than that I basically lived in a dehydrated state. See Larq Bottle PureVis 2 at Amazon The other component of this water bottle—the two-step water purification system—I found far less useful. I drink tap water from New York City, which is already well filtered, and I didn't find that the filter system on the PureVis 2 made it taste any better. I could see this as more useful if I lived in an area where the tap water wasn't well filtered or if I was traveling and I didn't know how potable the tap water was in the area I was in. According to Larq, the purification system works via a proprietary filter, which removes chlorine as well as both perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from the water. PFOA and PFOS are lab-made chemicals (commonly known as forever chemicals) that don't break down easily, making them potentially hazardous to human health in ways we don't fully understand yet. It also has a UV light built into the bottle's cap that periodically sanitizes the water. You can also sanitize the water at any time by pressing the button on the top of the bottle. There's no way around this: a water bottle that is over $100 feels like too much. But it did make me drink more water than I would have otherwise. I enjoyed turning drinking water—a mundane task—into a game. The fun also didn't really get old in the couple of weeks that I tried this out. While I would surmise that it would become less enjoyable over time, it would always be nice to know definitely just how much water I was consuming. Do you need a hydration meter to do that? Probably not. But if it works, it's not like your money is going to waste. Better hydration has been linked to better long-term health in numerous studies. This makes sense: water plays a vital role in just about every organ system in your body. There is also some amount of upkeep, which you usually don't expect in a water bottle. The bottle is charged with USB-C, and according to Larq, one charge will last a full month. When the battery is low, the cap will blink yellow. You can also see the battery level in the app. Larq also says the sensor will likely never need to be replaced, as it's designed to last for more than 100,000 cycles. The filter, though, does need to be swapped every couple of months, depending on use, and the app will tell you when it's time to get a new one. So no, you don't need a $100-plus water bottle. But if you are looking for an engaging way to improve your hydration status throughout the day or you need a filtration system on the go, the Larq Bottle PureVis 2 gets the job done the majority of the time. Just don't expect it to log your sips perfectly. See Larq Bottle PureVis 2 at Amazon
CNET
07-07-2025
- Health
- CNET
How Much Water Do You Actually Need to Drink Each Day? We Asked an Expert
Summer is the perfect time to spend time outdoors, but along with summer days come soaring temperatures that can easily cause dehydration. Drinking water everyday has a variety of benefits for your health, but that doesn't mean it's easy to know how much water you should be consuming each day. Heat waves, or high humidity can also make that much trickier. Do you really need to drink eight glasses of water a day, or is that a hydration myth? Rather than guessing at what your water intake should look like, we asked a registered dietitian. Renee Fitton, registered dietitian and director of education at L-Nutra, a nutrition technology company, explained that while you can use specific guidelines, it's better to focus on straightforward habits to help you get more water into your daily routine in general. "The 8x8 rule can be a bit oversimplified for some but it's also not necessarily dangerous." How much water should you drink every day? Fitton says various factors affect the amount of water one needs daily, including body size, medications, gender, physical activity, climate, health status and altitude. Most of us are also familiar with the old adage: Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily. The eight-by-eight rule advises us to drink 64 ounces (approximately 1.9 liters) of water daily. Many of us have blindly followed this advice for our entire lives, without knowing its origin or the rationale behind the recommendation to drink eight glasses of water. Getty Images Apparently, the eight-by-eight rule came out of a void, because there's no scientific evidence to back it up. It's just another of those long-standing myths people believe because that's what everyone believes. Drinking 64 ounces of water daily isn't bad, but it could be too much or not enough for some people. "For some people, simple rules like these help them stay on track. If drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day helps someone hit their hydration goals, then it's a fine starting point. But I wouldn't call it the gold standard," says Fitton. Other guidelines exist but there's still no true consensus. There's no formal recommendation for how much water people should drink daily, perhaps because everyone needs different amounts of water. An "adequate intake" of water for adult men and women does exist but it can vary from person to person. This adequate intake includes water from nonwater beverages, such as milk, sports drinks, tea and yes, even coffee. It also includes water from fruits, vegetables and other foods (think of how much water goes into a bowl of oats or soup). The adequate intake is 15.5 cups (3.7 liters or 125 ounces) for average men and 11.5 cups (2.7 liters or 91 ounces) for average women. How you choose to consume these 125 or 91 ounces of fluid is up to you. Although this is the closest figure we have to a recommended daily intake, even these numbers differ for each person based on their health condition. Reasons why you may need to drink more water Getty Images You have an active job: Those on the go all day (especially folks who work outdoors) may need more water than most people. The more you move, the more you sweat, and you should replace lost water (and electrolytes) through fluid intake. If you are working outside during a heat wave, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends drinking 8 ounces (1 cup) of water every 15 to 20 minutes during work. Drinking water before and after work can help prevent dehydration. You exercise often: If you don't have an active job but you do exercise a lot -- whether in the gym or through recreational activities -- you also need more water than most. Even if you don't realize it, you lose a lot of fluids during physical activity (even in cold weather). Up your water intake to account for activity (especially travel activity). You live in a hot climate: Hot weather means increased sweating and replacing the lost fluid is important. Dryness compounds fluid loss in hot weather -- people in desert climates may need more water than those in tropical climates. You're pregnant or breastfeeding: Pregnant women need more water to encourage improved circulation, increased calorie intake and other physiological processes that support their baby's growth. Breastfeeding women need extra water to support breast milk production. Your urine is dark in color: The color of your urine can tell you a lot about your hydration levels. "The color of your urine is the best and most personalized, consistent and immediate way to measure hydration throughout the day. We want to look for light yellow pee, not fully clear (over-hydrated) but also not deep yellow or amber (under-hydrated)," says Fitton. You have a dry mouth, chapped lips or muscle cramps: Yep, when you are dehydrated your body will let you know. "Water is such a critical substance for life so when we're lacking, our body will no longer work at its peak capacity and this can persist in many ways and uniquely from one person to another," Fitton says. Hydration hacks to help you drink more water Getty Images Different people follow different rules for hydrating. These four common guidelines can help you stay hydrated no matter your lifestyle. Drink when you're thirsty There's some controversy surrounding this method. Some health professionals say you shouldn't overcomplicate hydration and your body tells you when it needs water. Others say waiting until you're thirsty is waiting too long -- that you're already dehydrated when you feel thirsty. Some people seem to have stronger thirst mechanisms than others so this method may not work for you. Drink a glass before meals and between meals This isn't bad advice. Structuring water intake around a ritual like mealtime can ingrain hydration as a habit. Your total water intake will vary depending on how many meals you eat. If you eat three meals, you'll drink five glasses of water according to this rule, which may not be enough (unless they're big glasses). This rule probably won't work for you if you don't have a routine eating pattern. Drink eight glasses daily Generic health advice rarely works for everyone. If you feel adequately hydrated on 64 ounces of water each day, then that amount is likely sufficient to keep you hydrated. If you feel overly hydrated (clear urine, very frequent urination or swelling), cut back slightly. If you feel dehydrated (dark urine, headaches, infrequent urination, lightheaded or fatigue), eight glasses may not be enough for you. Drink half your body weight in ounces This is a simple guideline that's easy to remember and usually easy to achieve. If you weigh 150 pounds, aim to drink 75 ounces of water each day. This is the only rule of thumb that accounts for different body sizes but it doesn't account for thirst, climate, activity level or other factors. Make water visible and accessible Fitton says that keeping your water accessible at all times provides a visual reminder to drink water. She also recommends using an app like WaterMinder that sends daily reminders to drink water. Pair your water intake with your daily habits Another great way to get your daily water intake is to make drinking water part of your daily habits. This can look like drinking water right when you wake up, after eating a meal or right before you leave the house. "These mini habits build on things you already do, so you're not trying to remember to do something new. The more you tie hydration into your daily routine, the easier it becomes," says Fitton. Experiment with hydration techniques to find what works for you. As long as you're not battling chronic fatigue, lightheadedness, headaches or other signs of dehydration, you are probably doing a pretty good job. As a failsafe, you can always determine whether you are under or overhydrated based on the color of your urine.
CNET
20-06-2025
- Health
- CNET
How Much Water Do You Actually Need to Drink This Summer? Your Daily Hydration Guide
These hot summer months mean more outdoors activities, but it's also a time when you have to be more aware of your water bottle. In the hot weather, you're more likely to sweat, which means your body's water levels are more likely to be depleted. But exactly how much water should you be drinking? Should you follow the "eight glasses a day" advice or is that a hydration myth? To get to the bottom of what our water consumption should look like this summer, we talked with a registered dietitian. "The 8x8 rule can be a bit oversimplified for some but it's also not necessarily dangerous," says Renee Fitton, registered dietitian and director of education at L-Nutra, a nutrition technology company. Rather than using specific guidelines across the board, you can instead focus on straightforward habits that can help you get more water into your daily routine. How much water should you drink every day? Fitton says various factors affect how much water one needs daily, including body size, medications, gender, physical activity, climate, health status and altitude. Most of us are also familiar with the old adage: Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily. The eight-by-eight rule guides us to drink 64 ounces (about 1.9 liters) of water each day. Many of us have blindly followed this advice for our entire lives, not knowing where it came from or why we need eight glasses of water. Getty Images Apparently, the eight-by-eight rule came out of a void, because there's no scientific evidence to back it up. It's just another of those long-standing myths people believe because that's what everyone believes. Drinking 64 ounces of water daily isn't bad but it could be too much or not enough for some people. "For some people, simple rules like these help them stay on track. If drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day helps someone hit their hydration goals, then it's a fine starting point. But I wouldn't call it the gold standard," says Fitton. Other guidelines exist but there's still no true consensus. There's no formal recommendation for how much water people should drink daily, perhaps because everyone needs different amounts of water. An "adequate intake" of water for adult men and women does exist but it can vary from person to person. This adequate intake includes water from non-water beverages, such as milk, sports drinks, tea and yes, even coffee. It also includes water from fruits, vegetables and other foods (think of how much water goes into a bowl of oats or soup). The adequate intake is 15.5 cups (3.7 liters or 125 ounces) for average men and 11.5 cups (2.7 liters or 91 ounces) for average women. How you choose to consume these 125 or 91 ounces of fluid is up to you. Although this is the closest figure we have to a recommended daily intake, even these numbers differ for each person based on their health condition. Reasons why you may need to drink more water Getty Images You have an active job: Those on the go all day (especially folks who work outdoors) may need more water than most people. The more you move, the more you sweat, and you should replace lost water (and electrolytes) through fluid intake. If you are working outside during a heat wave, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends drinking 8 ounces (1 cup) of water every 15 to 20 minutes during work. Drinking water before and after work can help prevent dehydration. You exercise often: If you don't have an active job but you do exercise a lot -- whether in the gym or through recreational activities -- you also need more water than most. Even if you don't realize it, you lose a lot of fluids during physical activity (even in cold weather). Up your water intake to account for activity (especially travel activity). You live in a hot climate: Hot weather means increased sweating and replacing the lost fluid is important. Dryness compounds fluid loss in hot weather -- people in desert climates may need more water than those in tropical climates. You're pregnant or breastfeeding: Pregnant women need more water to encourage improved circulation, increased calorie intake and other physiological processes that support their baby's growth. Breastfeeding women need extra water to support breast milk production. Your urine is dark in color: The color of your urine can tell you a lot about your hydration levels. "The color of your urine is the best and most personalized, consistent and immediate way to measure hydration throughout the day. We want to look for light yellow pee, not fully clear (over-hydrated) but also not deep yellow or amber (under-hydrated)," says Fitton. You have a dry mouth, chapped lips or muscle cramps: Yep, when you are dehydrated your body will let you know. "Water is such a critical substance for life so when we're lacking, our body will no longer work at its peak capacity and this can persist in many ways and uniquely from one person to another," Fitton says. Hydration hacks to help you drink more water Getty Images Different people follow different rules for hydrating. These four common guidelines can help you stay hydrated no matter your lifestyle. Drink when you're thirsty There's some controversy surrounding this method. Some health professionals say you shouldn't overcomplicate hydration and your body tells you when it needs water. Others say waiting until you're thirsty is waiting too long -- that you're already dehydrated when you feel thirsty. Some people seem to have stronger thirst mechanisms than others so this method may not work for you. Drink a glass before meals and between meals This isn't bad advice. Structuring water intake around a ritual like mealtime can ingrain hydration as a habit. Your total water intake will vary depending on how many meals you eat. If you eat three meals, you'll drink five glasses of water according to this rule, which may not be enough (unless they're big glasses). This rule probably won't work for you if you don't have a routine eating pattern. Drink eight glasses daily Generic health advice rarely works for everyone. If you feel adequately hydrated on 64 ounces of water each day, then that amount is likely sufficient to keep you hydrated. If you feel overly hydrated (clear urine, very frequent urination or swelling), cut back slightly. If you feel dehydrated (dark urine, headaches, infrequent urination, lightheaded or fatigue), eight glasses may not be enough for you. Drink half your body weight in ounces This is a simple guideline that's easy to remember and usually easy to achieve. If you weigh 150 pounds, aim to drink 75 ounces of water each day. This is the only rule of thumb that accounts for different body sizes but it doesn't account for thirst, climate, activity level or other factors. Make water visible and accessible Fitton says that keeping your water accessible at all times provides a visual reminder to drink water. She also recommends using an app like WaterMinder that sends daily reminders to drink water. Pair your water intake with your daily habits Another great way to get your daily water intake is to make drinking water part of your daily habits. This can look like drinking water right when you wake up, after eating a meal or right before you leave the house. "These mini habits build on things you already do, so you're not trying to remember to do something new. The more you tie hydration into your daily routine, the easier it becomes," says Fitton. Experiment with hydration techniques to find what works for you. As long as you're not battling chronic fatigue, lightheadedness, headaches or other signs of dehydration, you are probably doing a pretty good job. As a failsafe, you can always determine whether you are under or overhydrated based on the color of your urine.
Android Authority
09-06-2025
- Android Authority
Samsung Now Brief's next feature is one for the hydro homies
Hadlee Simons / Android Authority TL;DR Samsung could be working on a water-themed info card for its Now Brief feature. This card would likely display your water intake for the day, much like Samsung Health tracks how many glasses of water you've had. This would join a custom card feature as another much-needed addition to Now Brief. Samsung's Now Brief is available on some phones as part of the One UI 7 update. This feature delivers a variety of information cards at certain times of the day, focusing on the weather, your calendar, health, and more. Now, it looks like the company could offer a brand-new card. SammyGuru dug into the Samsung Health app and discovered a 'Water Now brief' feature. Unfortunately, the outlet wasn't able to activate this option. So what could it actually be? Well, Now Brief already integrates Samsung Health features like step counting and burned calories. The Samsung Health app can also be used to track and record how many glasses of water you drank relative to a preset target. So it seems like a safe bet that Now Brief could show your water intake as well. This would be a helpful addition to Now Brief, allowing you to quickly check if you're staying hydrated. This isn't the only feature Samsung could bring to Now Brief. SammyGuru also discovered that Samsung is working on custom info cards, which would allow you to create cards, associate apps with them, and schedule when they pop up in Now Brief. There's no word on if/when these features will actually come to Galaxy phones. But we're guessing Samsung could launch them alongside stable One UI 8, which is expected to arrive next month. Got a tip? Talk to us! Email our staff at Email our staff at news@ . You can stay anonymous or get credit for the info, it's your choice.
CNET
31-05-2025
- General
- CNET
Summer Hydration: Your Daily Water Requirements Guide
There is a lot to love about the summer months but it is also a time when you have to be more aware of your water bottle. In the hot weather, you're more likely to sweat, which means your body's water levels are more likely to be depleted. But exactly how much water should you be drinking? Should you follow the "eight glasses a day" advice or is that a hydration myth? To get to the bottom of what our water consumption should look like this summer, we talked with a registered dietitian. "The 8x8 rule can be a bit oversimplified for some but it's also not necessarily dangerous," says Renee Fitton, registered dietitian and director of education at L-Nutra, a nutrition technology company. Rather than using specific guidelines across the board, you can instead focus on straightforward habits that can help you get more water into your daily routine. How much water should you drink every day? Fitton says various factors affect how much water one needs daily, including body size, medications, gender, physical activity, climate, health status and altitude. Most of us are also familiar with the old adage: Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water daily. The eight-by-eight rule guides us to drink 64 ounces (about 1.9 liters) of water each day. Many of us have blindly followed this advice for our entire lives, not knowing where it came from or why we need eight glasses of water. Getty Images Apparently, the eight-by-eight rule came out of a void, because there's no scientific evidence to back it up. It's just another of those long-standing myths people believe because that's what everyone believes. Drinking 64 ounces of water daily isn't bad but it could be too much or not enough for some people. "For some people, simple rules like these help them stay on track. If drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day helps someone hit their hydration goals, then it's a fine starting point. But I wouldn't call it the gold standard," says Fitton. Other guidelines exist but there's still no true consensus. There's no formal recommendation for how much water people should drink daily, perhaps because everyone needs different amounts of water. An "adequate intake" of water for adult men and women does exist but it can vary from person to person. This adequate intake includes water from non-water beverages, such as milk, sports drinks, tea and yes, even coffee. It also includes water from fruits, vegetables and other foods (think of how much water goes into a bowl of oats or soup). The adequate intake is 15.5 cups (3.7 liters or 125 ounces) for average men and 11.5 cups (2.7 liters or 91 ounces) for average women. How you choose to consume these 125 or 91 ounces of fluid is up to you. Although this is the closest figure we have to a recommended daily intake, even these numbers differ for each person based on their health condition. Reasons why you may need to drink more water Getty Images You have an active job: Those on the go all day (especially folks who work outdoors) may need more water than most people. The more you move, the more you sweat, and you should replace lost water (and electrolytes) through fluid intake. If you are working outside during a heat wave, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends drinking 8 ounces (1 cup) of water every 15 to 20 minutes during work. Drinking water before and after work can help prevent dehydration. You exercise often: If you don't have an active job but you do exercise a lot -- whether in the gym or through recreational activities -- you also need more water than most. Even if you don't realize it, you lose a lot of fluids during physical activity (even in cold weather). Up your water intake to account for activity (especially travel activity). You live in a hot climate: Hot weather means increased sweating and replacing the lost fluid is important. Dryness compounds fluid loss in hot weather -- people in desert climates may need more water than those in tropical climates. You're pregnant or breastfeeding: Pregnant women need more water to encourage improved circulation, increased calorie intake and other physiological processes that support their baby's growth. Breastfeeding women need extra water to support breast milk production. Your urine is dark in color: The color of your urine can tell you a lot about your hydration levels. "The color of your urine is the best and most personalized, consistent and immediate way to measure hydration throughout the day. We want to look for light yellow pee, not fully clear (over-hydrated) but also not deep yellow or amber (under-hydrated)," says Fitton. You have a dry mouth, chapped lips or muscle cramps: Yep, when you are dehydrated your body will let you know. "Water is such a critical substance for life so when we're lacking, our body will no longer work at its peak capacity and this can persist in many ways and uniquely from one person to another," Fitton says. Hydration hacks to help you drink more water Getty Images Different people follow different rules for hydrating. These four common guidelines can help you stay hydrated no matter your lifestyle. Drink when you're thirsty There's some controversy surrounding this method. Some health professionals say you shouldn't overcomplicate hydration and your body tells you when it needs water. Others say waiting until you're thirsty is waiting too long -- that you're already dehydrated when you feel thirsty. Some people seem to have stronger thirst mechanisms than others so this method may not work for you. Drink a glass before meals and between meals This isn't bad advice. Structuring water intake around a ritual like mealtime can ingrain hydration as a habit. Your total water intake will vary depending on how many meals you eat. If you eat three meals, you'll drink five glasses of water according to this rule, which may not be enough (unless they're big glasses). This rule probably won't work for you if you don't have a routine eating pattern. Drink eight glasses daily Generic health advice rarely works for everyone. If you feel adequately hydrated on 64 ounces of water each day, then that amount is likely sufficient to keep you hydrated. If you feel overly hydrated (clear urine, very frequent urination or swelling), cut back slightly. If you feel dehydrated (dark urine, headaches, infrequent urination, lightheaded or fatigue), eight glasses may not be enough for you. Drink half your body weight in ounces This is a simple guideline that's easy to remember and usually easy to achieve. If you weigh 150 pounds, aim to drink 75 ounces of water each day. This is the only rule of thumb that accounts for different body sizes but it doesn't account for thirst, climate, activity level or other factors. Make water visible and accessible Fitton says that keeping your water accessible at all times provides a visual reminder to drink water. She also recommends using an app like WaterMinder that sends daily reminders to drink water. Pair your water intake with your daily habits Another great way to get your daily water intake is to make drinking water part of your daily habits. This can look like drinking water right when you wake up, after eating a meal or right before you leave the house. "These mini habits build on things you already do, so you're not trying to remember to do something new. The more you tie hydration into your daily routine, the easier it becomes," says Fitton. Experiment with hydration techniques to find what works for you. As long as you're not battling chronic fatigue, lightheadedness, headaches or other signs of dehydration, you are probably doing a pretty good job. As a failsafe, you can always determine whether you are under or overhydrated based on the color of your urine.
